TY  - JOUR
AU  - Petrović, Miloš
AU  - Mitraković, Dragan
AU  - Bugarski, Branko
AU  - Vonwil, Daniel
AU  - Martin, Ivan
AU  - Obradović, Bojana
PY  - 2009
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1453
AB  - The provision of mechanical stimulation is believed to be necessary for the functional assembly of skeletal tissues, which are normally exposed to a variety of biomechanical signals in vivo. In this paper, we present a development and validation of a novel bioreactor aimed for skeletal tissue engineering that provides dynamic compression and perfusion of cultivated tissues. Dynamic compression can be applied at frequencies up to 67.5 Hz and displacements down to 5 µm thus suitable for the simulation of physiological conditions in a native cartilage tissue (0.1-1 Hz, 5-10 % strain). The bioreactor also includes a load sensor that was calibrated so to measure average loads imposed on tissue samples. Regimes of the mechanical stimulation and acquisition of load sensor outputs are directed by an automatic control system using applications developed within the LabView platform. In addition, perfusion of tissue samples at physiological velocities (10-100 µm/s) provides efficient mass transfer, as well as the possibilities to expose the cells to hydrodynamic shear and simulate the conditions in a native bone tissue. Thus, the novel bioreactor is suited for studies of the effects of different biomechanical signals on in vitro regeneration of skeletal tissues, as well as for the studies of newly formulated biomaterials and cell biomaterial interactions under in vivo-like settings.
PB  - Association of the Chemical Engineers of Serbia
T2  - Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly
T1  - A novel bioreactor with mechanical stimulation for skeletal tissue engineering
EP  - 44
IS  - 1
SP  - 41
VL  - 15
DO  - 10.2298/CICEQ0901041P
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Petrović, Miloš and Mitraković, Dragan and Bugarski, Branko and Vonwil, Daniel and Martin, Ivan and Obradović, Bojana",
year = "2009",
abstract = "The provision of mechanical stimulation is believed to be necessary for the functional assembly of skeletal tissues, which are normally exposed to a variety of biomechanical signals in vivo. In this paper, we present a development and validation of a novel bioreactor aimed for skeletal tissue engineering that provides dynamic compression and perfusion of cultivated tissues. Dynamic compression can be applied at frequencies up to 67.5 Hz and displacements down to 5 µm thus suitable for the simulation of physiological conditions in a native cartilage tissue (0.1-1 Hz, 5-10 % strain). The bioreactor also includes a load sensor that was calibrated so to measure average loads imposed on tissue samples. Regimes of the mechanical stimulation and acquisition of load sensor outputs are directed by an automatic control system using applications developed within the LabView platform. In addition, perfusion of tissue samples at physiological velocities (10-100 µm/s) provides efficient mass transfer, as well as the possibilities to expose the cells to hydrodynamic shear and simulate the conditions in a native bone tissue. Thus, the novel bioreactor is suited for studies of the effects of different biomechanical signals on in vitro regeneration of skeletal tissues, as well as for the studies of newly formulated biomaterials and cell biomaterial interactions under in vivo-like settings.",
publisher = "Association of the Chemical Engineers of Serbia",
journal = "Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly",
title = "A novel bioreactor with mechanical stimulation for skeletal tissue engineering",
pages = "44-41",
number = "1",
volume = "15",
doi = "10.2298/CICEQ0901041P"
}

Petrović, M., Mitraković, D., Bugarski, B., Vonwil, D., Martin, I.,& Obradović, B.. (2009). A novel bioreactor with mechanical stimulation for skeletal tissue engineering. in Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly
Association of the Chemical Engineers of Serbia., 15(1), 41-44.
https://doi.org/10.2298/CICEQ0901041P

Petrović M, Mitraković D, Bugarski B, Vonwil D, Martin I, Obradović B. A novel bioreactor with mechanical stimulation for skeletal tissue engineering. in Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly. 2009;15(1):41-44.
doi:10.2298/CICEQ0901041P .

Petrović, Miloš, Mitraković, Dragan, Bugarski, Branko, Vonwil, Daniel, Martin, Ivan, Obradović, Bojana, "A novel bioreactor with mechanical stimulation for skeletal tissue engineering" in Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly, 15, no. 1 (2009):41-44,
https://doi.org/10.2298/CICEQ0901041P . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana
AU  - Obradović, Bojana
AU  - Martin, Ivan
AU  - Freed, LE
PY  - 2002
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/445
AB  - Functional tissue engineering of cartilage involves the use of bioreactors designed to provide a controlled in vitro environment that embodies some of the biochemical and physical signals known to regulate chondrogenesis. Hydrodynamic conditions can affect in vitro tissue formation in at least two ways: by direct effects of hydrodynamic forces on cell morphology and function, and by indirect flow-induced changes in mass transfer of nutrients and metabolites. In the present work, we discuss the effects of three different in vitro environments: static flasks (tissues fixed in place, static medium), mixed flasks (tissues fixed in place, unidirectional turbulent flow) and rotating bioreactors (tissues dynamically suspended in laminar flow) on engineered cartilage constructs and native cartilage explants. As compared to static and mixed flasks, dynamic laminar flow in rotating bioreactors resulted in the most rapid tissue growth and the highest final fractions of glycosaminoglycans and total collagen in both tissues. Mechanical properties (equilibrium modulus, dynamic stiffness, hydraulic permeability) of engineered constructs and explanted cartilage correlated with the wet weight fractions of glycosaminoglycans and collagen. Current research needs in the area of cartilage tissue engineering include the utilization of additional physiologically relevant regulatory signals, and the development of predictive mathematical models that enable optimization of the conditions and duration of tissue culture.
PB  - IOS Press, Amsterdam
T2  - Biorheology
T1  - Bioreactor studies of native and tissue engineered cartilage
EP  - 268
IS  - 1-2
SP  - 259
VL  - 39
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_445
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana and Obradović, Bojana and Martin, Ivan and Freed, LE",
year = "2002",
abstract = "Functional tissue engineering of cartilage involves the use of bioreactors designed to provide a controlled in vitro environment that embodies some of the biochemical and physical signals known to regulate chondrogenesis. Hydrodynamic conditions can affect in vitro tissue formation in at least two ways: by direct effects of hydrodynamic forces on cell morphology and function, and by indirect flow-induced changes in mass transfer of nutrients and metabolites. In the present work, we discuss the effects of three different in vitro environments: static flasks (tissues fixed in place, static medium), mixed flasks (tissues fixed in place, unidirectional turbulent flow) and rotating bioreactors (tissues dynamically suspended in laminar flow) on engineered cartilage constructs and native cartilage explants. As compared to static and mixed flasks, dynamic laminar flow in rotating bioreactors resulted in the most rapid tissue growth and the highest final fractions of glycosaminoglycans and total collagen in both tissues. Mechanical properties (equilibrium modulus, dynamic stiffness, hydraulic permeability) of engineered constructs and explanted cartilage correlated with the wet weight fractions of glycosaminoglycans and collagen. Current research needs in the area of cartilage tissue engineering include the utilization of additional physiologically relevant regulatory signals, and the development of predictive mathematical models that enable optimization of the conditions and duration of tissue culture.",
publisher = "IOS Press, Amsterdam",
journal = "Biorheology",
title = "Bioreactor studies of native and tissue engineered cartilage",
pages = "268-259",
number = "1-2",
volume = "39",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_445"
}

Vunjak-Novaković, G., Obradović, B., Martin, I.,& Freed, L.. (2002). Bioreactor studies of native and tissue engineered cartilage. in Biorheology
IOS Press, Amsterdam., 39(1-2), 259-268.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_445

Vunjak-Novaković G, Obradović B, Martin I, Freed L. Bioreactor studies of native and tissue engineered cartilage. in Biorheology. 2002;39(1-2):259-268.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_445 .

Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana, Obradović, Bojana, Martin, Ivan, Freed, LE, "Bioreactor studies of native and tissue engineered cartilage" in Biorheology, 39, no. 1-2 (2002):259-268,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_445 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Obradović, Bojana
AU  - Martin, Ivan
AU  - Padera, RF
AU  - Treppo, S
AU  - Freed, LE
AU  - Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana
PY  - 2001
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/371
AB  - The structure and function of cartilaginous constructs, engineered in vitro using bovine articular chondrocytes, biodegradable scaffolds and bioreactors, can be modulated by the conditions and duration of tissue cultivation. We hypothesized that the integrative properties of engineered cartilage depend on developmental stage of the construct and the extracellular matrix content of adjacent cartilage, and that some aspects of integration can be studied under controlled in vitro conditions. Disc-shaped constructs (cultured for 5 +/- 1 days or 5 +/- 1 weeks) or explants (untreated or trypsin treated cartilage) were sutured into ring-shaped explants (untreated or trypsin treated cartilage) to form composites that were cultured for an additional 1-8 weeks in bioreactors and evaluated biochemically, histologically and mechanically (compressive stiffness of the central disk, adhesive strength of the integration interface). Immature constructs had poorer mechanical properties but integrated better than either more mature constructs or cartilage explants. Integration of immature constructs involved cell proliferation and the progressive formation of cartilaginous tissue, in contrast to the integration of more mature constructs or native cartilage which involved only the secretion of extracellular matrix components. Integration patterns correlated with the adhesive strength of the disc-ring interface, which was markedly higher for immature constructs than for either more mature constructs or cartilage explants. Trypsin treatment of the adjacent cartilage further enhanced the integration of immature constructs.
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd, Oxford
T2  - Journal of Orthopaedic Research
T1  - Integration of engineered cartilage
EP  - 1097
IS  - 6
SP  - 1089
VL  - 19
DO  - 10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00030-4
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Obradović, Bojana and Martin, Ivan and Padera, RF and Treppo, S and Freed, LE and Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana",
year = "2001",
abstract = "The structure and function of cartilaginous constructs, engineered in vitro using bovine articular chondrocytes, biodegradable scaffolds and bioreactors, can be modulated by the conditions and duration of tissue cultivation. We hypothesized that the integrative properties of engineered cartilage depend on developmental stage of the construct and the extracellular matrix content of adjacent cartilage, and that some aspects of integration can be studied under controlled in vitro conditions. Disc-shaped constructs (cultured for 5 +/- 1 days or 5 +/- 1 weeks) or explants (untreated or trypsin treated cartilage) were sutured into ring-shaped explants (untreated or trypsin treated cartilage) to form composites that were cultured for an additional 1-8 weeks in bioreactors and evaluated biochemically, histologically and mechanically (compressive stiffness of the central disk, adhesive strength of the integration interface). Immature constructs had poorer mechanical properties but integrated better than either more mature constructs or cartilage explants. Integration of immature constructs involved cell proliferation and the progressive formation of cartilaginous tissue, in contrast to the integration of more mature constructs or native cartilage which involved only the secretion of extracellular matrix components. Integration patterns correlated with the adhesive strength of the disc-ring interface, which was markedly higher for immature constructs than for either more mature constructs or cartilage explants. Trypsin treatment of the adjacent cartilage further enhanced the integration of immature constructs.",
publisher = "Elsevier Sci Ltd, Oxford",
journal = "Journal of Orthopaedic Research",
title = "Integration of engineered cartilage",
pages = "1097-1089",
number = "6",
volume = "19",
doi = "10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00030-4"
}

Obradović, B., Martin, I., Padera, R., Treppo, S., Freed, L.,& Vunjak-Novaković, G.. (2001). Integration of engineered cartilage. in Journal of Orthopaedic Research
Elsevier Sci Ltd, Oxford., 19(6), 1089-1097.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00030-4

Obradović B, Martin I, Padera R, Treppo S, Freed L, Vunjak-Novaković G. Integration of engineered cartilage. in Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2001;19(6):1089-1097.
doi:10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00030-4 .

Obradović, Bojana, Martin, Ivan, Padera, RF, Treppo, S, Freed, LE, Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana, "Integration of engineered cartilage" in Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 19, no. 6 (2001):1089-1097,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00030-4 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Martin, Ivan
AU  - Obradović, Bojana
AU  - Treppo, S
AU  - Grodzinsky, AJ
AU  - Langer, R
AU  - Freed, LE
AU  - Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana
PY  - 2000
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/298
AB  - Cartilaginous constructs have been grown in vitro using chondrocytes, biodegradable polymer scaffolds, and tissue culture bioreactors. In the present work, we studied how the composition and mechanical properties of engineered cartilage can be modulated by the conditions and duration of in vitro cultivation, using three different environments: static flasks, mixed flasks, and rotating vessels. After 4-6 weeks, static culture yielded small and fragile constructs, while turbulent flow in mixed flasks induced the formation of an outer fibrous capsule; both environments resulted in constructs with poor mechanical properties. The constructs that were cultured freely suspended in a dynamic laminar flow field in rotating vessels had the highest fractions of glycosaminoglycans and collagen (respectively 75% and 39% of levels measured in native cartilage), and the best mechanical properties (equilibrium modulus, hydraulic permeability, dynamic stiffness, and streaming potential were all about 20% of values measured in native cartilage). Chondrocytes in cartilaginous constructs remained metabolically active and phenotypically stable over prolonged cultivation in rotating bioreactors. The wet weight fraction of glycosaminoglycans and equilibrium modulus of 7 month constructs reached or exceeded the corresponding values measured from freshly explanted native cartilage. Taken together, these findings suggest that functional equivalents of native cartilage can be engineered by optimizing the hydrodynamic conditions in tissue culture bioreactors and the duration of tissue cultivation.
PB  - IOS Press, Amsterdam
T2  - Biorheology
T1  - Modulation of the mechanical properties of tissue engineered cartilage
EP  - 147
IS  - 1-2
SP  - 141
VL  - 37
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_298
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Martin, Ivan and Obradović, Bojana and Treppo, S and Grodzinsky, AJ and Langer, R and Freed, LE and Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana",
year = "2000",
abstract = "Cartilaginous constructs have been grown in vitro using chondrocytes, biodegradable polymer scaffolds, and tissue culture bioreactors. In the present work, we studied how the composition and mechanical properties of engineered cartilage can be modulated by the conditions and duration of in vitro cultivation, using three different environments: static flasks, mixed flasks, and rotating vessels. After 4-6 weeks, static culture yielded small and fragile constructs, while turbulent flow in mixed flasks induced the formation of an outer fibrous capsule; both environments resulted in constructs with poor mechanical properties. The constructs that were cultured freely suspended in a dynamic laminar flow field in rotating vessels had the highest fractions of glycosaminoglycans and collagen (respectively 75% and 39% of levels measured in native cartilage), and the best mechanical properties (equilibrium modulus, hydraulic permeability, dynamic stiffness, and streaming potential were all about 20% of values measured in native cartilage). Chondrocytes in cartilaginous constructs remained metabolically active and phenotypically stable over prolonged cultivation in rotating bioreactors. The wet weight fraction of glycosaminoglycans and equilibrium modulus of 7 month constructs reached or exceeded the corresponding values measured from freshly explanted native cartilage. Taken together, these findings suggest that functional equivalents of native cartilage can be engineered by optimizing the hydrodynamic conditions in tissue culture bioreactors and the duration of tissue cultivation.",
publisher = "IOS Press, Amsterdam",
journal = "Biorheology",
title = "Modulation of the mechanical properties of tissue engineered cartilage",
pages = "147-141",
number = "1-2",
volume = "37",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_298"
}

Martin, I., Obradović, B., Treppo, S., Grodzinsky, A., Langer, R., Freed, L.,& Vunjak-Novaković, G.. (2000). Modulation of the mechanical properties of tissue engineered cartilage. in Biorheology
IOS Press, Amsterdam., 37(1-2), 141-147.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_298

Martin I, Obradović B, Treppo S, Grodzinsky A, Langer R, Freed L, Vunjak-Novaković G. Modulation of the mechanical properties of tissue engineered cartilage. in Biorheology. 2000;37(1-2):141-147.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_298 .

Martin, Ivan, Obradović, Bojana, Treppo, S, Grodzinsky, AJ, Langer, R, Freed, LE, Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana, "Modulation of the mechanical properties of tissue engineered cartilage" in Biorheology, 37, no. 1-2 (2000):141-147,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_298 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Martin, Ivan
AU  - Obradović, Bojana
AU  - Freed, LE
AU  - Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana
PY  - 1999
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/252
AB  - Cartilage tissue engineering can provide a valuable tool for controlled studies of tissue development. As an example, analysis of the spatial distribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in sections of cartilaginous tissues engineered under different culture conditions could be used to correlate the effects of environmental factors with the structure of the regenerated tissue. In this paper we describe a computer-based technique for quantitative analysis of safranin-O stained histological sections, using low magnification light microscopy images. We identified a parameter to quantify the intensity of red color in the sections, which in turn was proportional to the biochemically determined wet weight fraction of GAG in corresponding tissue samples, and to describe the spatial distribution of GAG as a function of depth from. the section edge. A broken line regression model was then used to determine the thickness of an external region, with lower GAG fractions, and the spatial rate of change in GAG content. The method was applied to the quantitatation of GAG distribution in samples of natural and engineered cartilage, cultured for 6 weeks in three different vessels: static flasks, mixed flasks, and rotating bioreactors.
PB  - Amer Inst Physics, Woodbury
T2  - Annals of Biomedical Engineering
T1  - Method for quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycan distribution in cultured natural and engineered cartilage
EP  - 662
IS  - 5
SP  - 656
VL  - 27
DO  - 10.1114/1.205
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Martin, Ivan and Obradović, Bojana and Freed, LE and Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana",
year = "1999",
abstract = "Cartilage tissue engineering can provide a valuable tool for controlled studies of tissue development. As an example, analysis of the spatial distribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in sections of cartilaginous tissues engineered under different culture conditions could be used to correlate the effects of environmental factors with the structure of the regenerated tissue. In this paper we describe a computer-based technique for quantitative analysis of safranin-O stained histological sections, using low magnification light microscopy images. We identified a parameter to quantify the intensity of red color in the sections, which in turn was proportional to the biochemically determined wet weight fraction of GAG in corresponding tissue samples, and to describe the spatial distribution of GAG as a function of depth from. the section edge. A broken line regression model was then used to determine the thickness of an external region, with lower GAG fractions, and the spatial rate of change in GAG content. The method was applied to the quantitatation of GAG distribution in samples of natural and engineered cartilage, cultured for 6 weeks in three different vessels: static flasks, mixed flasks, and rotating bioreactors.",
publisher = "Amer Inst Physics, Woodbury",
journal = "Annals of Biomedical Engineering",
title = "Method for quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycan distribution in cultured natural and engineered cartilage",
pages = "662-656",
number = "5",
volume = "27",
doi = "10.1114/1.205"
}

Martin, I., Obradović, B., Freed, L.,& Vunjak-Novaković, G.. (1999). Method for quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycan distribution in cultured natural and engineered cartilage. in Annals of Biomedical Engineering
Amer Inst Physics, Woodbury., 27(5), 656-662.
https://doi.org/10.1114/1.205

Martin I, Obradović B, Freed L, Vunjak-Novaković G. Method for quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycan distribution in cultured natural and engineered cartilage. in Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 1999;27(5):656-662.
doi:10.1114/1.205 .

Martin, Ivan, Obradović, Bojana, Freed, LE, Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana, "Method for quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycan distribution in cultured natural and engineered cartilage" in Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 27, no. 5 (1999):656-662,
https://doi.org/10.1114/1.205 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana
AU  - Martin, Ivan
AU  - Obradović, Bojana
AU  - Treppo, S
AU  - Grodzinsky, AJ
AU  - Langer, R
AU  - Freed, LE
PY  - 1999
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/243
AB  - Cartilaginous constructs have been grown in vitro with use of isolated cells, biodegradable polymer scaffolds, and bioreactors. In the present work, the relationships between the composition and mechanical properties of engineered cartilage constructs were studied by culturing bovine calf articular chondrocytes on fibrous polyglycolic acid scaffolds (5 mm in diameter, 2-mm thick, and 97% porous) in three different environments: static flasks, mixed flasks, and rotating vessels. After 6 weeks of cultivation, the composition, morphology, and mechanical function of the constructs in radially confined static and dynamic compression all depended on the conditions of in vitro cultivation. Static culture yielded small and fragile constructs, while turbulent flow in mixed flasks yielded constructs with fibrous outer capsules; both environments resulted in constructs with poor mechanical properties. The constructs that were cultured freely suspended in a dynamic laminar flow field in rotating vessels were the largest, contained continuous cartilage-like extracellular matrices with the highest fractions of glycosaminoglycan and collagen, and had the best mechanical properties. The equilibrium modulus, hydraulic permeability, dynamic stiffness, and streaming potential correlated with the wet-weight fractions of glycosaminoglycan, collagen, and water. These findings suggest that the hydrodynamic conditions in tissue-culture bioreactors can modulate the composition, morphology, mechanical properties, and electromechanical function of engineered cartilage.
PB  - Wiley, Hoboken
T2  - Journal of Orthopaedic Research
T1  - Bioreactor cultivation conditions modulate the composition and mechanical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage
EP  - 138
IS  - 1
SP  - 130
VL  - 17
DO  - 10.1002/jor.1100170119
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana and Martin, Ivan and Obradović, Bojana and Treppo, S and Grodzinsky, AJ and Langer, R and Freed, LE",
year = "1999",
abstract = "Cartilaginous constructs have been grown in vitro with use of isolated cells, biodegradable polymer scaffolds, and bioreactors. In the present work, the relationships between the composition and mechanical properties of engineered cartilage constructs were studied by culturing bovine calf articular chondrocytes on fibrous polyglycolic acid scaffolds (5 mm in diameter, 2-mm thick, and 97% porous) in three different environments: static flasks, mixed flasks, and rotating vessels. After 6 weeks of cultivation, the composition, morphology, and mechanical function of the constructs in radially confined static and dynamic compression all depended on the conditions of in vitro cultivation. Static culture yielded small and fragile constructs, while turbulent flow in mixed flasks yielded constructs with fibrous outer capsules; both environments resulted in constructs with poor mechanical properties. The constructs that were cultured freely suspended in a dynamic laminar flow field in rotating vessels were the largest, contained continuous cartilage-like extracellular matrices with the highest fractions of glycosaminoglycan and collagen, and had the best mechanical properties. The equilibrium modulus, hydraulic permeability, dynamic stiffness, and streaming potential correlated with the wet-weight fractions of glycosaminoglycan, collagen, and water. These findings suggest that the hydrodynamic conditions in tissue-culture bioreactors can modulate the composition, morphology, mechanical properties, and electromechanical function of engineered cartilage.",
publisher = "Wiley, Hoboken",
journal = "Journal of Orthopaedic Research",
title = "Bioreactor cultivation conditions modulate the composition and mechanical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage",
pages = "138-130",
number = "1",
volume = "17",
doi = "10.1002/jor.1100170119"
}

Vunjak-Novaković, G., Martin, I., Obradović, B., Treppo, S., Grodzinsky, A., Langer, R.,& Freed, L.. (1999). Bioreactor cultivation conditions modulate the composition and mechanical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage. in Journal of Orthopaedic Research
Wiley, Hoboken., 17(1), 130-138.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100170119

Vunjak-Novaković G, Martin I, Obradović B, Treppo S, Grodzinsky A, Langer R, Freed L. Bioreactor cultivation conditions modulate the composition and mechanical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage. in Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 1999;17(1):130-138.
doi:10.1002/jor.1100170119 .

Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana, Martin, Ivan, Obradović, Bojana, Treppo, S, Grodzinsky, AJ, Langer, R, Freed, LE, "Bioreactor cultivation conditions modulate the composition and mechanical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage" in Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 17, no. 1 (1999):130-138,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100170119 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana
AU  - Obradović, Bojana
AU  - Martin, Ivan
AU  - Bursac, PM
AU  - Langer, R
AU  - Freed, LE
PY  - 1998
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/193
AB  - Cell seeding of three-dimensional polymer scaffolds is the first step of the cultivation of engineered tissues in bioreactors. Seeding requirements of large scaffolds to make implants for potential clinical use include: (a) high yield, to maximize the utilization of donor cells, (b) high kinetic rate, to minimize the time in suspension for anchorage-dependent and shear-sensitive cells, and
PB  - Wiley, Hoboken
T2  - Biotechnology Progress
T1  - Dynamic cell seeding of polymer scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering
EP  - 202
IS  - 2
SP  - 193
VL  - 14
DO  - 10.1021/bp970120j
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana and Obradović, Bojana and Martin, Ivan and Bursac, PM and Langer, R and Freed, LE",
year = "1998",
abstract = "Cell seeding of three-dimensional polymer scaffolds is the first step of the cultivation of engineered tissues in bioreactors. Seeding requirements of large scaffolds to make implants for potential clinical use include: (a) high yield, to maximize the utilization of donor cells, (b) high kinetic rate, to minimize the time in suspension for anchorage-dependent and shear-sensitive cells, and",
publisher = "Wiley, Hoboken",
journal = "Biotechnology Progress",
title = "Dynamic cell seeding of polymer scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering",
pages = "202-193",
number = "2",
volume = "14",
doi = "10.1021/bp970120j"
}

Vunjak-Novaković, G., Obradović, B., Martin, I., Bursac, P., Langer, R.,& Freed, L.. (1998). Dynamic cell seeding of polymer scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. in Biotechnology Progress
Wiley, Hoboken., 14(2), 193-202.
https://doi.org/10.1021/bp970120j

Vunjak-Novaković G, Obradović B, Martin I, Bursac P, Langer R, Freed L. Dynamic cell seeding of polymer scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. in Biotechnology Progress. 1998;14(2):193-202.
doi:10.1021/bp970120j .

Vunjak-Novaković, Gordana, Obradović, Bojana, Martin, Ivan, Bursac, PM, Langer, R, Freed, LE, "Dynamic cell seeding of polymer scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering" in Biotechnology Progress, 14, no. 2 (1998):193-202,
https://doi.org/10.1021/bp970120j . .