Bakrač, Jelena

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orcid::0000-0002-7979-9737
  • Bakrač, Jelena (4)
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Author's Bibliography

Pumpkin leaf-isolated RuBisCO as a protein source for bioactive peptides

Mijalković, Jelena; Šekuljica, Nataša; Jakovetić Tanasković, Sonja; Luković, Nevena; Pavlović, Neda; Bakrač, Jelena; Knežević-Jugović, Zorica

(Skopje : Society of chemists and technologists of Macedonia, 2023)

TY  - CONF
AU  - Mijalković, Jelena
AU  - Šekuljica, Nataša
AU  - Jakovetić Tanasković, Sonja
AU  - Luković, Nevena
AU  - Pavlović, Neda
AU  - Bakrač, Jelena
AU  - Knežević-Jugović, Zorica
PY  - 2023
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/6913
AB  - RuBisCO (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) is a non-allergenic, easily digestible protein found in the leaves of C3 plants, accounting for up to 50% of the total. It is similar to the FAO's ideal protein and is offered as a valuable alternative for meeting nutritional requirements. Plant-based proteins provide amino acids for human cells development and act as precursors of bioactive peptides. Protein sources and proteolytic enzymes are crucial for producing bioactive peptides effectively.
This research aimed to optimize the hydrolysis of pumpkin leaf-isolated protein in terms of time and type of process (one or two-step) using endo- and exo-peptidases. Efficiency was assessed using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, quantitative hydrolysis analysis, and peptides' capacity to chelate Fe2+ ions and scavenge ABTS•+ radical cations. The peptide molecular weight was determined by implementing the size-exclusion UFLC method.
The highest degree of hydrolysis, which is correlated with higher antioxidant activity, was shown by Alcalase and Everlase (19.5%), and Neutrase (21.5%) with a tendency to favor Neutrase due to more favorable process conditions and a more sensory-acceptable product. Hydrolysis with Neutrase-Flavourzyme during 225 min yielded hydrolyzates with a 43.5% degree of hydrolysis, and antioxidant activities of 0.74 μmol TEAA/mg (i.e. 48%) and 0.30 μmol EEAA/mg (i.e. 44%). Five peptide fractions were identified as follows: F1 (> 27 kDa), F2 (20-27 kDa), F3 (10-20 kDa), F4 (3-10 kDa), and F5 (< 3 kDa). By establishing a correlation with antioxidant activity, it has been proven that a large proportion of peptide fractions F3, F4, and F5 were accountable for Neutrase-Flavourzyme hydrolyzate's good antioxidant activity. Examined enzymatic approches contributed to generate the antioxidant peptides from pumpkin-leaf proteins with diverse peptide profiles.
PB  - Skopje : Society of chemists and technologists of Macedonia
C3  - Book of abstracts / 26th Congress of SCTM with international participation 20–23 September 2023 Metropol Lake Resort Ohrid, R. Macedonia
T1  - Pumpkin leaf-isolated RuBisCO as a protein source for bioactive peptides
SP  - 149
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_6913
ER  - 
@conference{
author = "Mijalković, Jelena and Šekuljica, Nataša and Jakovetić Tanasković, Sonja and Luković, Nevena and Pavlović, Neda and Bakrač, Jelena and Knežević-Jugović, Zorica",
year = "2023",
abstract = "RuBisCO (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) is a non-allergenic, easily digestible protein found in the leaves of C3 plants, accounting for up to 50% of the total. It is similar to the FAO's ideal protein and is offered as a valuable alternative for meeting nutritional requirements. Plant-based proteins provide amino acids for human cells development and act as precursors of bioactive peptides. Protein sources and proteolytic enzymes are crucial for producing bioactive peptides effectively.
This research aimed to optimize the hydrolysis of pumpkin leaf-isolated protein in terms of time and type of process (one or two-step) using endo- and exo-peptidases. Efficiency was assessed using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, quantitative hydrolysis analysis, and peptides' capacity to chelate Fe2+ ions and scavenge ABTS•+ radical cations. The peptide molecular weight was determined by implementing the size-exclusion UFLC method.
The highest degree of hydrolysis, which is correlated with higher antioxidant activity, was shown by Alcalase and Everlase (19.5%), and Neutrase (21.5%) with a tendency to favor Neutrase due to more favorable process conditions and a more sensory-acceptable product. Hydrolysis with Neutrase-Flavourzyme during 225 min yielded hydrolyzates with a 43.5% degree of hydrolysis, and antioxidant activities of 0.74 μmol TEAA/mg (i.e. 48%) and 0.30 μmol EEAA/mg (i.e. 44%). Five peptide fractions were identified as follows: F1 (> 27 kDa), F2 (20-27 kDa), F3 (10-20 kDa), F4 (3-10 kDa), and F5 (< 3 kDa). By establishing a correlation with antioxidant activity, it has been proven that a large proportion of peptide fractions F3, F4, and F5 were accountable for Neutrase-Flavourzyme hydrolyzate's good antioxidant activity. Examined enzymatic approches contributed to generate the antioxidant peptides from pumpkin-leaf proteins with diverse peptide profiles.",
publisher = "Skopje : Society of chemists and technologists of Macedonia",
journal = "Book of abstracts / 26th Congress of SCTM with international participation 20–23 September 2023 Metropol Lake Resort Ohrid, R. Macedonia",
title = "Pumpkin leaf-isolated RuBisCO as a protein source for bioactive peptides",
pages = "149",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_6913"
}
Mijalković, J., Šekuljica, N., Jakovetić Tanasković, S., Luković, N., Pavlović, N., Bakrač, J.,& Knežević-Jugović, Z.. (2023). Pumpkin leaf-isolated RuBisCO as a protein source for bioactive peptides. in Book of abstracts / 26th Congress of SCTM with international participation 20–23 September 2023 Metropol Lake Resort Ohrid, R. Macedonia
Skopje : Society of chemists and technologists of Macedonia., 149.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_6913
Mijalković J, Šekuljica N, Jakovetić Tanasković S, Luković N, Pavlović N, Bakrač J, Knežević-Jugović Z. Pumpkin leaf-isolated RuBisCO as a protein source for bioactive peptides. in Book of abstracts / 26th Congress of SCTM with international participation 20–23 September 2023 Metropol Lake Resort Ohrid, R. Macedonia. 2023;:149.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_6913 .
Mijalković, Jelena, Šekuljica, Nataša, Jakovetić Tanasković, Sonja, Luković, Nevena, Pavlović, Neda, Bakrač, Jelena, Knežević-Jugović, Zorica, "Pumpkin leaf-isolated RuBisCO as a protein source for bioactive peptides" in Book of abstracts / 26th Congress of SCTM with international participation 20–23 September 2023 Metropol Lake Resort Ohrid, R. Macedonia (2023):149,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_6913 .

DETERMINING THE POTENTIAL OF SUBMERGED FERMENTATION ON WHEAT BRAN FOR PRODUCTION OF XYLANASE

Gazikalović, Ivana; Luković, Nevena; Bakrač, Jelena; Jakovetić Tanasković, Sonja; Mijalković, Jelena; Šekuljica, Nataša; Knežević-Jugović, Zorica

(Belgrade : University, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, 2023)

TY  - CONF
AU  - Gazikalović, Ivana
AU  - Luković, Nevena
AU  - Bakrač, Jelena
AU  - Jakovetić Tanasković, Sonja
AU  - Mijalković, Jelena
AU  - Šekuljica, Nataša
AU  - Knežević-Jugović, Zorica
PY  - 2023
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/7017
AB  - Utilization of agro-industrial byproducts represents a way to broaden the palette of
products derived from the less attractive and usually cheaper sources. The underutilized agroindustrial
byproducts have attracted attention in recent years due to their effect on the
environment. Wheat bran (WB) represents a byproduct of wheat industry and is a good
source of fiber. Valorization of industry byproducts leads to reduction in production cost of
enzymes due to high expenditure of expensive substrates required for microbial growth
during the production process. Hydrolytic enzyme xylanase which transforms xylan into
xylose is possible to produce using various microbial strains.
Production of xylanase was investigated via submerged fermentation by Penicillium
chrysogenum using a defined fermentation broth supplemented with adequate amount of WB
(1 and 2.5% (w/v)). Submerged fermentation was carried out in a shaking incubator (100 rpm,
30 °C, n=2) over the course of 10 days. Crude enzyme samples were investigated each day
for xylanase enzyme activity via 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay for reducing sugars
using 1% (w/v) beechwood xylan solution in 50 mM Sodium Citrate buffer, pH 5.0 at 37 °C.
Maximum activity was achieved on the 4th (1% (w/v) WB) and 5th (2.5% (w/v) WB) day of
fermentation, 3.93±0.31 IU/ml and 4.48±0.067 IU/ml, respectively. pH (4–10) and
temperature (25–60 °C) optima were determined via DNS method, and the optimal conditions
were determined to be pH 5.0–5.5 and 37 °C. The influence of the addition of different metal
ions and reagents on the enzyme activity was determined. The most beneficial effect was
noted for the addition of MnCl2 and dithiothreitol. The increase of enzyme activities recorded
was 22–29% for MnCl2 and 53–59% for dithiothreitol. It was concluded that P. chrysogenum
can be further exploited in an enzyme production optimization process to increase xylanase
activity.
PB  - Belgrade : University, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
C3  - Book of Abstracts / International Conference Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology for Young Scientists, Belgrade, 2023
T1  - DETERMINING THE POTENTIAL OF SUBMERGED FERMENTATION ON WHEAT BRAN FOR PRODUCTION OF XYLANASE
SP  - 38
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_7017
ER  - 
@conference{
author = "Gazikalović, Ivana and Luković, Nevena and Bakrač, Jelena and Jakovetić Tanasković, Sonja and Mijalković, Jelena and Šekuljica, Nataša and Knežević-Jugović, Zorica",
year = "2023",
abstract = "Utilization of agro-industrial byproducts represents a way to broaden the palette of
products derived from the less attractive and usually cheaper sources. The underutilized agroindustrial
byproducts have attracted attention in recent years due to their effect on the
environment. Wheat bran (WB) represents a byproduct of wheat industry and is a good
source of fiber. Valorization of industry byproducts leads to reduction in production cost of
enzymes due to high expenditure of expensive substrates required for microbial growth
during the production process. Hydrolytic enzyme xylanase which transforms xylan into
xylose is possible to produce using various microbial strains.
Production of xylanase was investigated via submerged fermentation by Penicillium
chrysogenum using a defined fermentation broth supplemented with adequate amount of WB
(1 and 2.5% (w/v)). Submerged fermentation was carried out in a shaking incubator (100 rpm,
30 °C, n=2) over the course of 10 days. Crude enzyme samples were investigated each day
for xylanase enzyme activity via 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay for reducing sugars
using 1% (w/v) beechwood xylan solution in 50 mM Sodium Citrate buffer, pH 5.0 at 37 °C.
Maximum activity was achieved on the 4th (1% (w/v) WB) and 5th (2.5% (w/v) WB) day of
fermentation, 3.93±0.31 IU/ml and 4.48±0.067 IU/ml, respectively. pH (4–10) and
temperature (25–60 °C) optima were determined via DNS method, and the optimal conditions
were determined to be pH 5.0–5.5 and 37 °C. The influence of the addition of different metal
ions and reagents on the enzyme activity was determined. The most beneficial effect was
noted for the addition of MnCl2 and dithiothreitol. The increase of enzyme activities recorded
was 22–29% for MnCl2 and 53–59% for dithiothreitol. It was concluded that P. chrysogenum
can be further exploited in an enzyme production optimization process to increase xylanase
activity.",
publisher = "Belgrade : University, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy",
journal = "Book of Abstracts / International Conference Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology for Young Scientists, Belgrade, 2023",
title = "DETERMINING THE POTENTIAL OF SUBMERGED FERMENTATION ON WHEAT BRAN FOR PRODUCTION OF XYLANASE",
pages = "38",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_7017"
}
Gazikalović, I., Luković, N., Bakrač, J., Jakovetić Tanasković, S., Mijalković, J., Šekuljica, N.,& Knežević-Jugović, Z.. (2023). DETERMINING THE POTENTIAL OF SUBMERGED FERMENTATION ON WHEAT BRAN FOR PRODUCTION OF XYLANASE. in Book of Abstracts / International Conference Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology for Young Scientists, Belgrade, 2023
Belgrade : University, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy., 38.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_7017
Gazikalović I, Luković N, Bakrač J, Jakovetić Tanasković S, Mijalković J, Šekuljica N, Knežević-Jugović Z. DETERMINING THE POTENTIAL OF SUBMERGED FERMENTATION ON WHEAT BRAN FOR PRODUCTION OF XYLANASE. in Book of Abstracts / International Conference Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology for Young Scientists, Belgrade, 2023. 2023;:38.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_7017 .
Gazikalović, Ivana, Luković, Nevena, Bakrač, Jelena, Jakovetić Tanasković, Sonja, Mijalković, Jelena, Šekuljica, Nataša, Knežević-Jugović, Zorica, "DETERMINING THE POTENTIAL OF SUBMERGED FERMENTATION ON WHEAT BRAN FOR PRODUCTION OF XYLANASE" in Book of Abstracts / International Conference Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology for Young Scientists, Belgrade, 2023 (2023):38,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_7017 .

Xylanase Production by Solid-State Fermentation for the Extraction of Xylooligosaccharides from Soybean Hulls

Šekuljica, Nataša; Jakovetić Tanasković, Sonja; Mijalković, Jelena; Simović, Milica; Pavlović, Neda; Đorđević, Nikola; Culetu, Alina; Gazikalović, Ivana; Luković, Nevena; Bakrač, Jelena; Knežević-Jugović, Zorica

(University of Zagreb, 2023)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Šekuljica, Nataša
AU  - Jakovetić Tanasković, Sonja
AU  - Mijalković, Jelena
AU  - Simović, Milica
AU  - Pavlović, Neda
AU  - Đorđević, Nikola
AU  - Culetu, Alina
AU  - Gazikalović, Ivana
AU  - Luković, Nevena
AU  - Bakrač, Jelena
AU  - Knežević-Jugović, Zorica
PY  - 2023
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/7084
AB  - Research background. The development of a novel process for the production of xy-looligosaccharides (XOS) based on the 4R concept is made possible by the integration of numerous techniques, especially enzymatic modification together with the physical pre-treatment of renewable materials. This study aims to integrate the use of agricultural wastes for the production of xylanase by a new strain of Penicillium sp. and value-added products, XOS. Experimental approach. For the production of xylanase, a solid-state fermentation was performed using wheat bran as substrate. To obtain the most active crude extract of xy-lanase, the time frame of cultivation was first adjusted. Then, the downstream process for xylanase purification was developed by combining different membrane separation units with size exclusion chromatography. Further characterisation included determination of the optimal pH and temperature, determination of the molecular mass of the purified xy-lanase and analysis of kinetic parameters. Subsequently, the hydrolytic ability of the par-tially purified xylanase in the hydrolysis of alkali-extracted hemicellulose from soybean hulls was investigated. Results and conclusions. Our results show that Penicillium rubens produced extracellular xylanase at a yield of 21 U/g during solid-state fermentation. Using two ultrafiltration membranes of 10 and 3 kDa in combination with size exclusion chromatography, a yield of 49 % and 13-fold purification of xylanase was achieved. The purified xylanase (35 kDa) cleaved linear bonds β-(1→4) in beechwood xylan at a maximum rate of 0.64 μmol/ (min·mg) and a Michaelis constant of 44 mg/mL. At pH=6 and 45 °C, the purified xylanase showed its maximum activity. The xylanase produced showed a high ability to hydrolyse the hemicellulose fraction isolated from soybean hulls, as confirmed by thin-layer chro-matography. In the hydrothermally pretreated hemicellulose hydrolysate, the content of XOS with different degrees of polymerisation was detected, while in the non-pretreated hemicellulose hydrolysate, the content of xylotriose and glucose was confirmed. Novelty and scientific contribution. Future research focusing on the creation of new en-zymatic pathways for use in processes to convert renewable materials into value-added products can draw on our findings.
PB  - University of Zagreb
T2  - Food Technology and Biotechnology
T1  - Xylanase Production by Solid-State Fermentation for the Extraction of Xylooligosaccharides from Soybean Hulls
EP  - 450
IS  - 4
SP  - 439
VL  - 61
DO  - 10.17113/ftb.61.04.23.8073
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Šekuljica, Nataša and Jakovetić Tanasković, Sonja and Mijalković, Jelena and Simović, Milica and Pavlović, Neda and Đorđević, Nikola and Culetu, Alina and Gazikalović, Ivana and Luković, Nevena and Bakrač, Jelena and Knežević-Jugović, Zorica",
year = "2023",
abstract = "Research background. The development of a novel process for the production of xy-looligosaccharides (XOS) based on the 4R concept is made possible by the integration of numerous techniques, especially enzymatic modification together with the physical pre-treatment of renewable materials. This study aims to integrate the use of agricultural wastes for the production of xylanase by a new strain of Penicillium sp. and value-added products, XOS. Experimental approach. For the production of xylanase, a solid-state fermentation was performed using wheat bran as substrate. To obtain the most active crude extract of xy-lanase, the time frame of cultivation was first adjusted. Then, the downstream process for xylanase purification was developed by combining different membrane separation units with size exclusion chromatography. Further characterisation included determination of the optimal pH and temperature, determination of the molecular mass of the purified xy-lanase and analysis of kinetic parameters. Subsequently, the hydrolytic ability of the par-tially purified xylanase in the hydrolysis of alkali-extracted hemicellulose from soybean hulls was investigated. Results and conclusions. Our results show that Penicillium rubens produced extracellular xylanase at a yield of 21 U/g during solid-state fermentation. Using two ultrafiltration membranes of 10 and 3 kDa in combination with size exclusion chromatography, a yield of 49 % and 13-fold purification of xylanase was achieved. The purified xylanase (35 kDa) cleaved linear bonds β-(1→4) in beechwood xylan at a maximum rate of 0.64 μmol/ (min·mg) and a Michaelis constant of 44 mg/mL. At pH=6 and 45 °C, the purified xylanase showed its maximum activity. The xylanase produced showed a high ability to hydrolyse the hemicellulose fraction isolated from soybean hulls, as confirmed by thin-layer chro-matography. In the hydrothermally pretreated hemicellulose hydrolysate, the content of XOS with different degrees of polymerisation was detected, while in the non-pretreated hemicellulose hydrolysate, the content of xylotriose and glucose was confirmed. Novelty and scientific contribution. Future research focusing on the creation of new en-zymatic pathways for use in processes to convert renewable materials into value-added products can draw on our findings.",
publisher = "University of Zagreb",
journal = "Food Technology and Biotechnology",
title = "Xylanase Production by Solid-State Fermentation for the Extraction of Xylooligosaccharides from Soybean Hulls",
pages = "450-439",
number = "4",
volume = "61",
doi = "10.17113/ftb.61.04.23.8073"
}
Šekuljica, N., Jakovetić Tanasković, S., Mijalković, J., Simović, M., Pavlović, N., Đorđević, N., Culetu, A., Gazikalović, I., Luković, N., Bakrač, J.,& Knežević-Jugović, Z.. (2023). Xylanase Production by Solid-State Fermentation for the Extraction of Xylooligosaccharides from Soybean Hulls. in Food Technology and Biotechnology
University of Zagreb., 61(4), 439-450.
https://doi.org/10.17113/ftb.61.04.23.8073
Šekuljica N, Jakovetić Tanasković S, Mijalković J, Simović M, Pavlović N, Đorđević N, Culetu A, Gazikalović I, Luković N, Bakrač J, Knežević-Jugović Z. Xylanase Production by Solid-State Fermentation for the Extraction of Xylooligosaccharides from Soybean Hulls. in Food Technology and Biotechnology. 2023;61(4):439-450.
doi:10.17113/ftb.61.04.23.8073 .
Šekuljica, Nataša, Jakovetić Tanasković, Sonja, Mijalković, Jelena, Simović, Milica, Pavlović, Neda, Đorđević, Nikola, Culetu, Alina, Gazikalović, Ivana, Luković, Nevena, Bakrač, Jelena, Knežević-Jugović, Zorica, "Xylanase Production by Solid-State Fermentation for the Extraction of Xylooligosaccharides from Soybean Hulls" in Food Technology and Biotechnology, 61, no. 4 (2023):439-450,
https://doi.org/10.17113/ftb.61.04.23.8073 . .
3
1
1

Production of xylanase using wheat bran by submerged fermentation by Thermomyces lanuginosus

Bakrač, Jelena; Gazikalović, Ivana; Luković, Nevena; Mijalković, Jelena; Šekuljica, Nataša; Knežević-Jugović, Zorica

(Consulting and Training center KEY. Sv. Kiril i Metodij, 52-1/3, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, 2022)

TY  - CONF
AU  - Bakrač, Jelena
AU  - Gazikalović, Ivana
AU  - Luković, Nevena
AU  - Mijalković, Jelena
AU  - Šekuljica, Nataša
AU  - Knežević-Jugović, Zorica
PY  - 2022
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/6082
AB  - The application of hydrolytic enzymes, such as xylanases, have proven to be very valuable in the industry. Their application ranges from paper industry, animal feed, food additives, silage and baking industry, and many others. These versatile enzymes were found to be produced by many microbial species. The aim of this research was to establish whether the fungi Thermomyces lanuginosus has xylanase production potential. 

The strain was screened for xylanase activity on a selective plate containing beech wood xylan. Production of xylanase enzyme was done by submerged fermentation (SMF) in wheat bran broth medium (WBBM) over a period of 10 days at 50 0C, by using wheat bran as a substrate. Xylanase activity of the produced enzyme was measured according to 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay for reducing sugars for each day of fermentation. Total protein content was determined by Bradford method. Cellulase, mannanase, amylase and pectinase enzyme activities were determined by DNS assay, while protease activity was measured using azo-casein as substrate. The effect of substrate concentration on the enzyme activity was investigated by DNS method.

The maximum activity of 17.74 ± 0.48 IU/mL was reached on day 7 of fermentation. pH and temperature optimum were analyzed and it was determined that the optimum pH for the enzyme activity was 6, showing the high activity also in the pH range 5 - 7.5. Temperature optimum was 60 0C. The research has shown that the enzyme was stable even after 5 hours of incubation at optimal conditions, reaching maximum activity after 2 hours. In the presence of metal ion Mn2+ the activity of enzyme was increased. All other tested enzymes were found to be present in the crude enzyme extract. 

The tested strain T. lanuginosus is a good producer of xylanases, and may be used for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic waste materials. Due to its temperature stability and wide pH range of activity, it shows potential for application in many different industries.
PB  - Consulting and Training center KEY. Sv. Kiril i Metodij, 52-1/3, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
C3  - Book of abstracts/Congres on food quality and safety, health and nutrition - NUTRICON 2022
T1  - Production of xylanase using wheat bran by submerged fermentation by Thermomyces lanuginosus
EP  - 110
SP  - 109
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_6082
ER  - 
@conference{
author = "Bakrač, Jelena and Gazikalović, Ivana and Luković, Nevena and Mijalković, Jelena and Šekuljica, Nataša and Knežević-Jugović, Zorica",
year = "2022",
abstract = "The application of hydrolytic enzymes, such as xylanases, have proven to be very valuable in the industry. Their application ranges from paper industry, animal feed, food additives, silage and baking industry, and many others. These versatile enzymes were found to be produced by many microbial species. The aim of this research was to establish whether the fungi Thermomyces lanuginosus has xylanase production potential. 

The strain was screened for xylanase activity on a selective plate containing beech wood xylan. Production of xylanase enzyme was done by submerged fermentation (SMF) in wheat bran broth medium (WBBM) over a period of 10 days at 50 0C, by using wheat bran as a substrate. Xylanase activity of the produced enzyme was measured according to 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay for reducing sugars for each day of fermentation. Total protein content was determined by Bradford method. Cellulase, mannanase, amylase and pectinase enzyme activities were determined by DNS assay, while protease activity was measured using azo-casein as substrate. The effect of substrate concentration on the enzyme activity was investigated by DNS method.

The maximum activity of 17.74 ± 0.48 IU/mL was reached on day 7 of fermentation. pH and temperature optimum were analyzed and it was determined that the optimum pH for the enzyme activity was 6, showing the high activity also in the pH range 5 - 7.5. Temperature optimum was 60 0C. The research has shown that the enzyme was stable even after 5 hours of incubation at optimal conditions, reaching maximum activity after 2 hours. In the presence of metal ion Mn2+ the activity of enzyme was increased. All other tested enzymes were found to be present in the crude enzyme extract. 

The tested strain T. lanuginosus is a good producer of xylanases, and may be used for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic waste materials. Due to its temperature stability and wide pH range of activity, it shows potential for application in many different industries.",
publisher = "Consulting and Training center KEY. Sv. Kiril i Metodij, 52-1/3, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia",
journal = "Book of abstracts/Congres on food quality and safety, health and nutrition - NUTRICON 2022",
title = "Production of xylanase using wheat bran by submerged fermentation by Thermomyces lanuginosus",
pages = "110-109",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_6082"
}
Bakrač, J., Gazikalović, I., Luković, N., Mijalković, J., Šekuljica, N.,& Knežević-Jugović, Z.. (2022). Production of xylanase using wheat bran by submerged fermentation by Thermomyces lanuginosus. in Book of abstracts/Congres on food quality and safety, health and nutrition - NUTRICON 2022
Consulting and Training center KEY. Sv. Kiril i Metodij, 52-1/3, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia., 109-110.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_6082
Bakrač J, Gazikalović I, Luković N, Mijalković J, Šekuljica N, Knežević-Jugović Z. Production of xylanase using wheat bran by submerged fermentation by Thermomyces lanuginosus. in Book of abstracts/Congres on food quality and safety, health and nutrition - NUTRICON 2022. 2022;:109-110.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_6082 .
Bakrač, Jelena, Gazikalović, Ivana, Luković, Nevena, Mijalković, Jelena, Šekuljica, Nataša, Knežević-Jugović, Zorica, "Production of xylanase using wheat bran by submerged fermentation by Thermomyces lanuginosus" in Book of abstracts/Congres on food quality and safety, health and nutrition - NUTRICON 2022 (2022):109-110,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_technorep_6082 .