TY  - JOUR
AU  - Stamenković, V
AU  - Grgur, Branimir
AU  - Ross, PN
AU  - Marković, NM
PY  - 2005
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/827
AB  - The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been studied on CO-covered Pt(111), Pt(110), Pt-poly, Pt-Ru, Pt3Sn(111), and Pt3Sn( 110) electrodes in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at temperatures varying between 298 and 333 K using the rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) method. The RRDE measurements showed that even during O-2 reduction a substantial amount (approximate to40% of saturation) of CO still remains on all surfaces. Only a very small fraction of consumed 02 is used for CO oxidation, while the major fraction reacts via the competing ORR, producing H2O2. The H2O2 yield is strongly dependent on the fractional coverage by adsorbed CO, the surface structure, and the composition of the electrode. While at Theta(CO)  gt  0.5 monolayer (ML) the H2O2 yield is very high (depending on the structure/nature of the electrode ca. 60-100%), when Theta(CO) falls to its steady-state value of approximate to0.4 ML, the H2O2 yield is almost the same as on the respective CO-free surfaces. Although the production of peroxide on some electrodes is rather low at 333 K (e.g., 5% on PtRu and 10% on Pt-poly), the practical consequences of the H2O2 production can be significant; e.g., H2O2 may cause an enhanced long-term degradation of the membrane.
PB  - Electrochemical Soc Inc, Pennington
T2  - Journal of the Electrochemical Society
T1  - Oxygen reduction reaction on Pt and Pt-bimetallic electrodes covered by CO - Mechanism of the air bleed effect with reformate
EP  - A282
IS  - 2
SP  - A277
VL  - 152
DO  - 10.1149/1.1845321
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Stamenković, V and Grgur, Branimir and Ross, PN and Marković, NM",
year = "2005",
abstract = "The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been studied on CO-covered Pt(111), Pt(110), Pt-poly, Pt-Ru, Pt3Sn(111), and Pt3Sn( 110) electrodes in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at temperatures varying between 298 and 333 K using the rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) method. The RRDE measurements showed that even during O-2 reduction a substantial amount (approximate to40% of saturation) of CO still remains on all surfaces. Only a very small fraction of consumed 02 is used for CO oxidation, while the major fraction reacts via the competing ORR, producing H2O2. The H2O2 yield is strongly dependent on the fractional coverage by adsorbed CO, the surface structure, and the composition of the electrode. While at Theta(CO)  gt  0.5 monolayer (ML) the H2O2 yield is very high (depending on the structure/nature of the electrode ca. 60-100%), when Theta(CO) falls to its steady-state value of approximate to0.4 ML, the H2O2 yield is almost the same as on the respective CO-free surfaces. Although the production of peroxide on some electrodes is rather low at 333 K (e.g., 5% on PtRu and 10% on Pt-poly), the practical consequences of the H2O2 production can be significant; e.g., H2O2 may cause an enhanced long-term degradation of the membrane.",
publisher = "Electrochemical Soc Inc, Pennington",
journal = "Journal of the Electrochemical Society",
title = "Oxygen reduction reaction on Pt and Pt-bimetallic electrodes covered by CO - Mechanism of the air bleed effect with reformate",
pages = "A282-A277",
number = "2",
volume = "152",
doi = "10.1149/1.1845321"
}

Stamenković, V., Grgur, B., Ross, P.,& Marković, N.. (2005). Oxygen reduction reaction on Pt and Pt-bimetallic electrodes covered by CO - Mechanism of the air bleed effect with reformate. in Journal of the Electrochemical Society
Electrochemical Soc Inc, Pennington., 152(2), A277-A282.
https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1845321

Stamenković V, Grgur B, Ross P, Marković N. Oxygen reduction reaction on Pt and Pt-bimetallic electrodes covered by CO - Mechanism of the air bleed effect with reformate. in Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 2005;152(2):A277-A282.
doi:10.1149/1.1845321 .

Stamenković, V, Grgur, Branimir, Ross, PN, Marković, NM, "Oxygen reduction reaction on Pt and Pt-bimetallic electrodes covered by CO - Mechanism of the air bleed effect with reformate" in Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 152, no. 2 (2005):A277-A282,
https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1845321 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Schmidt, TJ
AU  - Grgur, Branimir
AU  - Marković, NM
AU  - Rose, PN
PY  - 2001
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/359
AB  - We investigated the oscillatory behavior in the kinetics of formic acid electrooxidation on Pt(100) in 1 mM HClO4 solution. We studied the effect of different experimental parameters on the oscillatory behavior, viz. defined HCOOH mass-transport to the electrode surface by using the rotating disk electrode technique, the temperature of the supporting electrolyte, and the nature of anions. We suggest that the interdependence of the reaction steps during HCOOH oxidation, the adsorption of anions and the competition for adsorption sites among the reaction partners and intermediates lead to complex non-linear kinetics. It was evident that once the individual reactions in the dual path mechanism reach steady state the oscillations vanish. These conditions can be reached either by enhanced formic acid reaction rates induced by electrode rotation or by increased temperature. Under specific conditions of anion and formic acid concentration, relaxational oscillations can be transformed into mixed-mode oscillations.
PB  - Elsevier Science Sa, Lausanne
T2  - Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
T1  - Oscillatory behavior in the electrochemical oxidation of formic acid on Pt(100): rotation and temperature effects
EP  - 43
IS  - 1-2
SP  - 36
VL  - 500
DO  - 10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00342-9
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Schmidt, TJ and Grgur, Branimir and Marković, NM and Rose, PN",
year = "2001",
abstract = "We investigated the oscillatory behavior in the kinetics of formic acid electrooxidation on Pt(100) in 1 mM HClO4 solution. We studied the effect of different experimental parameters on the oscillatory behavior, viz. defined HCOOH mass-transport to the electrode surface by using the rotating disk electrode technique, the temperature of the supporting electrolyte, and the nature of anions. We suggest that the interdependence of the reaction steps during HCOOH oxidation, the adsorption of anions and the competition for adsorption sites among the reaction partners and intermediates lead to complex non-linear kinetics. It was evident that once the individual reactions in the dual path mechanism reach steady state the oscillations vanish. These conditions can be reached either by enhanced formic acid reaction rates induced by electrode rotation or by increased temperature. Under specific conditions of anion and formic acid concentration, relaxational oscillations can be transformed into mixed-mode oscillations.",
publisher = "Elsevier Science Sa, Lausanne",
journal = "Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry",
title = "Oscillatory behavior in the electrochemical oxidation of formic acid on Pt(100): rotation and temperature effects",
pages = "43-36",
number = "1-2",
volume = "500",
doi = "10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00342-9"
}

Schmidt, T., Grgur, B., Marković, N.,& Rose, P.. (2001). Oscillatory behavior in the electrochemical oxidation of formic acid on Pt(100): rotation and temperature effects. in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
Elsevier Science Sa, Lausanne., 500(1-2), 36-43.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00342-9

Schmidt T, Grgur B, Marković N, Rose P. Oscillatory behavior in the electrochemical oxidation of formic acid on Pt(100): rotation and temperature effects. in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2001;500(1-2):36-43.
doi:10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00342-9 .

Schmidt, TJ, Grgur, Branimir, Marković, NM, Rose, PN, "Oscillatory behavior in the electrochemical oxidation of formic acid on Pt(100): rotation and temperature effects" in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 500, no. 1-2 (2001):36-43,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00342-9 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Marković, NM
AU  - Grgur, Branimir
AU  - Lucas, CA
AU  - Ross, PN
PY  - 2000
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/280
AB  - The surface chemistry of coadsorbed CO and metal adatoms on the Pt(100) surface in acid electrolyte has been studied by means of rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) measurements. These results showed that Cu and Pb adatoms are readily displaced from the Pt(100) surface by CO. The consequence of the observed displacement phenomenon is that the kinetics of the electrooxidation of CO on Pt(100) surfaces in Cu2+- (Pb2+-) containing solution is the same as in Cu2+- (Pb2+-) free solution.
PB  - Amer Chemical Soc, Washington
T2  - Langmuir
T1  - Surface chemistry of CO on Pt(100)-bimetallic surfaces: Displacement effects
EP  - 2005
IS  - 4
SP  - 1998
VL  - 16
DO  - 10.1021/la990255u
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Marković, NM and Grgur, Branimir and Lucas, CA and Ross, PN",
year = "2000",
abstract = "The surface chemistry of coadsorbed CO and metal adatoms on the Pt(100) surface in acid electrolyte has been studied by means of rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) measurements. These results showed that Cu and Pb adatoms are readily displaced from the Pt(100) surface by CO. The consequence of the observed displacement phenomenon is that the kinetics of the electrooxidation of CO on Pt(100) surfaces in Cu2+- (Pb2+-) containing solution is the same as in Cu2+- (Pb2+-) free solution.",
publisher = "Amer Chemical Soc, Washington",
journal = "Langmuir",
title = "Surface chemistry of CO on Pt(100)-bimetallic surfaces: Displacement effects",
pages = "2005-1998",
number = "4",
volume = "16",
doi = "10.1021/la990255u"
}

Marković, N., Grgur, B., Lucas, C.,& Ross, P.. (2000). Surface chemistry of CO on Pt(100)-bimetallic surfaces: Displacement effects. in Langmuir
Amer Chemical Soc, Washington., 16(4), 1998-2005.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la990255u

Marković N, Grgur B, Lucas C, Ross P. Surface chemistry of CO on Pt(100)-bimetallic surfaces: Displacement effects. in Langmuir. 2000;16(4):1998-2005.
doi:10.1021/la990255u .

Marković, NM, Grgur, Branimir, Lucas, CA, Ross, PN, "Surface chemistry of CO on Pt(100)-bimetallic surfaces: Displacement effects" in Langmuir, 16, no. 4 (2000):1998-2005,
https://doi.org/10.1021/la990255u . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Schmidt, TJ
AU  - Behm, RJ
AU  - Grgur, Branimir
AU  - Marković, NM
AU  - Ross, PN
PY  - 2000
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/304
AB  - Temperature effects on the kinetics of formic acid electrooxidation are studied on Pt(111) and on Pt(111) modified by irreversibly adsorbed Bi under both potentiodynamic and potentiostatic conditions. We propose two modes of action of irreversibly adsorbed Pi on the kinetics of HCOOH oxidation: (i) the inhibiting effect due to a blocking of active Pt sites and (ii) the catalytic effect due to the enhanced adsorption of OHad on the Pt sites adjacent to Bi. This counteracting behavior led to the fact that under steady-state conditions no difference in the overall activity was observed between Pt(111) and Pt(111)/Bi. Therefore, Pt(111)/Bi does not represent a catalytically active system of technological relevance.
PB  - Amer Chemical Soc, Washington
T2  - Langmuir
T1  - Formic acid oxidation on pure and Bi-modified Pt(111): Temperature effects
EP  - 8166
IS  - 21
SP  - 8159
VL  - 16
DO  - 10.1021/la000339z
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Schmidt, TJ and Behm, RJ and Grgur, Branimir and Marković, NM and Ross, PN",
year = "2000",
abstract = "Temperature effects on the kinetics of formic acid electrooxidation are studied on Pt(111) and on Pt(111) modified by irreversibly adsorbed Bi under both potentiodynamic and potentiostatic conditions. We propose two modes of action of irreversibly adsorbed Pi on the kinetics of HCOOH oxidation: (i) the inhibiting effect due to a blocking of active Pt sites and (ii) the catalytic effect due to the enhanced adsorption of OHad on the Pt sites adjacent to Bi. This counteracting behavior led to the fact that under steady-state conditions no difference in the overall activity was observed between Pt(111) and Pt(111)/Bi. Therefore, Pt(111)/Bi does not represent a catalytically active system of technological relevance.",
publisher = "Amer Chemical Soc, Washington",
journal = "Langmuir",
title = "Formic acid oxidation on pure and Bi-modified Pt(111): Temperature effects",
pages = "8166-8159",
number = "21",
volume = "16",
doi = "10.1021/la000339z"
}

Schmidt, T., Behm, R., Grgur, B., Marković, N.,& Ross, P.. (2000). Formic acid oxidation on pure and Bi-modified Pt(111): Temperature effects. in Langmuir
Amer Chemical Soc, Washington., 16(21), 8159-8166.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la000339z

Schmidt T, Behm R, Grgur B, Marković N, Ross P. Formic acid oxidation on pure and Bi-modified Pt(111): Temperature effects. in Langmuir. 2000;16(21):8159-8166.
doi:10.1021/la000339z .

Schmidt, TJ, Behm, RJ, Grgur, Branimir, Marković, NM, Ross, PN, "Formic acid oxidation on pure and Bi-modified Pt(111): Temperature effects" in Langmuir, 16, no. 21 (2000):8159-8166,
https://doi.org/10.1021/la000339z . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Lucas, CA
AU  - Marković, NM
AU  - Grgur, Branimir
AU  - Ross, PN
PY  - 2000
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/283
AB  - Synchrotron surface X-ray scattering (SXS) and rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) measurements have been performed during the coadsorption of metal adatoms and carbon monoxide on the Pt(100) surface in an electrochemical environment. Whereas RRDE experiments give a macroscopic view of the coadsorption process, via the adsorption isotherms of deposited metal adatoms, the SXS measurements give insight into the structural changes that occur on the atomic level. The results show that both underpotentially deposited (UPD) Cu and Pb are displaced by CO from the Pt(100) surface, the driving force being the resulting negative shift in the surface free energy. When bromide is present in a c(2 x 2) structure on top of the Cu monolayer there is an activation barrier to the displacement effect. Coadsorption of CO then enhances the c(2 x 2) structure by displacing disordered Cu or Br that is present on the surface. Cycling the electrode potential, during which the Cu monolayer is desorbed, leads to complete blocking of the UPD process by CO. In contrast to these results, the reversible formation of a Bi c(2 x 2) UPD adlayer is unaffected by the presence of solution CO.
PB  - Elsevier, Amsterdam
T2  - Surface Science
T1  - Structural effects during CO adsorption on Pt-bimetallic surfaces I. The Pt(100) electrode
EP  - 76
IS  - 2-3
SP  - 65
VL  - 448
DO  - 10.1016/S0039-6028(99)01127-9
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Lucas, CA and Marković, NM and Grgur, Branimir and Ross, PN",
year = "2000",
abstract = "Synchrotron surface X-ray scattering (SXS) and rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) measurements have been performed during the coadsorption of metal adatoms and carbon monoxide on the Pt(100) surface in an electrochemical environment. Whereas RRDE experiments give a macroscopic view of the coadsorption process, via the adsorption isotherms of deposited metal adatoms, the SXS measurements give insight into the structural changes that occur on the atomic level. The results show that both underpotentially deposited (UPD) Cu and Pb are displaced by CO from the Pt(100) surface, the driving force being the resulting negative shift in the surface free energy. When bromide is present in a c(2 x 2) structure on top of the Cu monolayer there is an activation barrier to the displacement effect. Coadsorption of CO then enhances the c(2 x 2) structure by displacing disordered Cu or Br that is present on the surface. Cycling the electrode potential, during which the Cu monolayer is desorbed, leads to complete blocking of the UPD process by CO. In contrast to these results, the reversible formation of a Bi c(2 x 2) UPD adlayer is unaffected by the presence of solution CO.",
publisher = "Elsevier, Amsterdam",
journal = "Surface Science",
title = "Structural effects during CO adsorption on Pt-bimetallic surfaces I. The Pt(100) electrode",
pages = "76-65",
number = "2-3",
volume = "448",
doi = "10.1016/S0039-6028(99)01127-9"
}

Lucas, C., Marković, N., Grgur, B.,& Ross, P.. (2000). Structural effects during CO adsorption on Pt-bimetallic surfaces I. The Pt(100) electrode. in Surface Science
Elsevier, Amsterdam., 448(2-3), 65-76.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6028(99)01127-9

Lucas C, Marković N, Grgur B, Ross P. Structural effects during CO adsorption on Pt-bimetallic surfaces I. The Pt(100) electrode. in Surface Science. 2000;448(2-3):65-76.
doi:10.1016/S0039-6028(99)01127-9 .

Lucas, CA, Marković, NM, Grgur, Branimir, Ross, PN, "Structural effects during CO adsorption on Pt-bimetallic surfaces I. The Pt(100) electrode" in Surface Science, 448, no. 2-3 (2000):65-76,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6028(99)01127-9 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Schmidt, TJ
AU  - Grgur, Branimir
AU  - Behm, RJ
AU  - Marković, NM
AU  - Ross, PN
PY  - 2000
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/303
AB  - The surface electrochemistry of reversibly and irreversibly adsorbed bismuth (Bi-ad) was studied on Pt(111) electrodes in 0.1 M HClO4. The valence state of irreversibly adsorbed Bi (Bi-ir) was determined by ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was shown that Bi-ir does not change its valence state during potential cycling and is adsorbed in its metallic (i.e., zero-valent) state. Underpotential deposition (UPD) of Bi (Bi-upd) onto Pt(111) was studied using the rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) technique for measurements of the Bi3+ ion specific flux. The total amount of Bi deposited at underpotential (Theta(Bi,upd)) was determined by integration of the ion specific flux, and found to be approximate to 0.16 ML (1 ML=1 Bi/1 Pt). The UPD Bi is assumed to deposit at bare Pt sites not occupied by the irreversibly adsorbed Bi. The difference between Theta(Bi,upd) and the maximum coverage of a close-packed monolayer of fully discharged Bi adatoms (Theta(Biad)=0.56 ML) is taken to equal the coverage by Bi-ir, or approximate to 1/3 ML. The charge under the reversible peak in the Pt(111)/Bi-ir voltammetry (Q=160 mu C cm(-2)) for Theta(Bi,ir)similar to 1/3 ML is ascribed to enhanced adsorption of OH on Pt sites adjacent to Bi due to a change of the local potential of zero charge (p.z.c.) induced by Bi. Contrasting kinetic effects of Bi-ir were observed on the hydrogen and carbon monoxide oxidation reactions. These effects are discussed in terms of the known role of OHad in these reactions on the Pt(111) surface.
PB  - Royal Soc Chemistry, Cambridge
T2  - Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
T1  - Bi adsorption on Pt(111) in perchloric acid solution: A rotating ring-disk electrode and XPS study
EP  - 4386
IS  - 19
SP  - 4379
VL  - 2
DO  - 10.1039/b003767m
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Schmidt, TJ and Grgur, Branimir and Behm, RJ and Marković, NM and Ross, PN",
year = "2000",
abstract = "The surface electrochemistry of reversibly and irreversibly adsorbed bismuth (Bi-ad) was studied on Pt(111) electrodes in 0.1 M HClO4. The valence state of irreversibly adsorbed Bi (Bi-ir) was determined by ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was shown that Bi-ir does not change its valence state during potential cycling and is adsorbed in its metallic (i.e., zero-valent) state. Underpotential deposition (UPD) of Bi (Bi-upd) onto Pt(111) was studied using the rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) technique for measurements of the Bi3+ ion specific flux. The total amount of Bi deposited at underpotential (Theta(Bi,upd)) was determined by integration of the ion specific flux, and found to be approximate to 0.16 ML (1 ML=1 Bi/1 Pt). The UPD Bi is assumed to deposit at bare Pt sites not occupied by the irreversibly adsorbed Bi. The difference between Theta(Bi,upd) and the maximum coverage of a close-packed monolayer of fully discharged Bi adatoms (Theta(Biad)=0.56 ML) is taken to equal the coverage by Bi-ir, or approximate to 1/3 ML. The charge under the reversible peak in the Pt(111)/Bi-ir voltammetry (Q=160 mu C cm(-2)) for Theta(Bi,ir)similar to 1/3 ML is ascribed to enhanced adsorption of OH on Pt sites adjacent to Bi due to a change of the local potential of zero charge (p.z.c.) induced by Bi. Contrasting kinetic effects of Bi-ir were observed on the hydrogen and carbon monoxide oxidation reactions. These effects are discussed in terms of the known role of OHad in these reactions on the Pt(111) surface.",
publisher = "Royal Soc Chemistry, Cambridge",
journal = "Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics",
title = "Bi adsorption on Pt(111) in perchloric acid solution: A rotating ring-disk electrode and XPS study",
pages = "4386-4379",
number = "19",
volume = "2",
doi = "10.1039/b003767m"
}

Schmidt, T., Grgur, B., Behm, R., Marković, N.,& Ross, P.. (2000). Bi adsorption on Pt(111) in perchloric acid solution: A rotating ring-disk electrode and XPS study. in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
Royal Soc Chemistry, Cambridge., 2(19), 4379-4386.
https://doi.org/10.1039/b003767m

Schmidt T, Grgur B, Behm R, Marković N, Ross P. Bi adsorption on Pt(111) in perchloric acid solution: A rotating ring-disk electrode and XPS study. in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2000;2(19):4379-4386.
doi:10.1039/b003767m .

Schmidt, TJ, Grgur, Branimir, Behm, RJ, Marković, NM, Ross, PN, "Bi adsorption on Pt(111) in perchloric acid solution: A rotating ring-disk electrode and XPS study" in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2, no. 19 (2000):4379-4386,
https://doi.org/10.1039/b003767m . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Marković, NM
AU  - Lucas, CA
AU  - Grgur, Branimir
AU  - Ross, PN
PY  - 1999
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/253
AB  - The Pt(100)-CO interaction in aqueous electrolytes was examined by using rotating disk methods in combination with in-situ surface X-ray scattering (SXS) measurements. The analysis of the SXS results indicates that the topmost platinum atoms expand away from the second layer by ca. 4% when H-upd was completely displaced from Pt(100) by CO to form a saturated layer of CO. Assuming that gas-phase heats of adsorption for CO apply as well to the liquid-solid interface, we estimate that the Gibbs energy change for the displacement of Hupd by CO On Pt(100) is close to -90 kJ/mol. A Pt(100)-CO surface normal interlayer spacing of 1.4 +/- 0.4 Angstrom was extracted from SXS measurements, suggesting that CO is adsorbed primarily at the 2-fold bridge-bonded sites, or possibly a mixture of bridge and atop sites. In contrast to the Pt(111)-CO system, no structures of COad with long-range order were formed on Pt(100). Two different forms of COad are formed at the Pt(100)-electrolyte interface: the weakly adsorbed state which is oxidized in the pre-ignition potential region, and the strongly adsorbed state which is oxidized in the ignition potential region. Although the nature of COad is different before and after the ignition potential, we proposed that the mechanism for CO oxidation on Pt(100) is the same in both the pre-ignition and ignition potential regions, e.g., adsorbed CO reacts with hydroxyl species (OHad) through a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type reaction. The kinetics of CO oxidation on Pt(hkl) surfaces is found to vary with crystal face. The difference in activity is attributed to the structure-sensitive adsorption of CO, OHad, and anions from the supporting electrolytes.
PB  - Amer Chemical Soc, Washington
T2  - Journal of Physical Chemistry B
T1  - Surface electrochemistry of CO and H-2/CO mixtures at Pt(100) interface: Electrode kinetics and interfacial structures
EP  - 9623
IS  - 44
SP  - 9616
VL  - 103
DO  - 10.1021/jp991566g
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Marković, NM and Lucas, CA and Grgur, Branimir and Ross, PN",
year = "1999",
abstract = "The Pt(100)-CO interaction in aqueous electrolytes was examined by using rotating disk methods in combination with in-situ surface X-ray scattering (SXS) measurements. The analysis of the SXS results indicates that the topmost platinum atoms expand away from the second layer by ca. 4% when H-upd was completely displaced from Pt(100) by CO to form a saturated layer of CO. Assuming that gas-phase heats of adsorption for CO apply as well to the liquid-solid interface, we estimate that the Gibbs energy change for the displacement of Hupd by CO On Pt(100) is close to -90 kJ/mol. A Pt(100)-CO surface normal interlayer spacing of 1.4 +/- 0.4 Angstrom was extracted from SXS measurements, suggesting that CO is adsorbed primarily at the 2-fold bridge-bonded sites, or possibly a mixture of bridge and atop sites. In contrast to the Pt(111)-CO system, no structures of COad with long-range order were formed on Pt(100). Two different forms of COad are formed at the Pt(100)-electrolyte interface: the weakly adsorbed state which is oxidized in the pre-ignition potential region, and the strongly adsorbed state which is oxidized in the ignition potential region. Although the nature of COad is different before and after the ignition potential, we proposed that the mechanism for CO oxidation on Pt(100) is the same in both the pre-ignition and ignition potential regions, e.g., adsorbed CO reacts with hydroxyl species (OHad) through a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type reaction. The kinetics of CO oxidation on Pt(hkl) surfaces is found to vary with crystal face. The difference in activity is attributed to the structure-sensitive adsorption of CO, OHad, and anions from the supporting electrolytes.",
publisher = "Amer Chemical Soc, Washington",
journal = "Journal of Physical Chemistry B",
title = "Surface electrochemistry of CO and H-2/CO mixtures at Pt(100) interface: Electrode kinetics and interfacial structures",
pages = "9623-9616",
number = "44",
volume = "103",
doi = "10.1021/jp991566g"
}

Marković, N., Lucas, C., Grgur, B.,& Ross, P.. (1999). Surface electrochemistry of CO and H-2/CO mixtures at Pt(100) interface: Electrode kinetics and interfacial structures. in Journal of Physical Chemistry B
Amer Chemical Soc, Washington., 103(44), 9616-9623.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp991566g

Marković N, Lucas C, Grgur B, Ross P. Surface electrochemistry of CO and H-2/CO mixtures at Pt(100) interface: Electrode kinetics and interfacial structures. in Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 1999;103(44):9616-9623.
doi:10.1021/jp991566g .

Marković, NM, Lucas, CA, Grgur, Branimir, Ross, PN, "Surface electrochemistry of CO and H-2/CO mixtures at Pt(100) interface: Electrode kinetics and interfacial structures" in Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 103, no. 44 (1999):9616-9623,
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp991566g . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Mukerjee, S
AU  - Lee, SJ
AU  - Ticianelli, EA
AU  - McBreen, J
AU  - Grgur, Branimir
AU  - Marković, NM
AU  - Ross, PN
AU  - Giallombardo, JR
AU  - De Castro, ES
PY  - 1999
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/250
AB  - We report a two- to threefold enhancement of CO tolerance in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, exhibited by carbon supported nanocrystalline PtMo/C as compared to the current state of the art PtRu/C electrocatalysts. The bulk of these nanocrystals were comprised of Pt alloyed with Mo in the ratio 8.7: 1.3 as shown by both X-ray diffraction and in situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements. Rotating disk electrode measurements and cyclic voltammetry in a PEM fuel cell indicate the onset of CO oxidation at potentials as low as 0.1 V. Further, the oxidation of CO exhibits two distinct peaks, indicating redox behavior involving oxyhydroxides of Mo. This is supported by in situ X-ray absorption near edge structure measurements at the Mo K edge.
PB  - Electrochemical Soc Inc, Pennington
T2  - Electrochemical and Solid State Letters
T1  - Investigation of enhanced CO tolerance in proton exchange membrane fuel cells by carbon supported PtMo alloy catalyst
EP  - 15
IS  - 1
SP  - 12
VL  - 2
DO  - 10.1149/1.1390718
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Mukerjee, S and Lee, SJ and Ticianelli, EA and McBreen, J and Grgur, Branimir and Marković, NM and Ross, PN and Giallombardo, JR and De Castro, ES",
year = "1999",
abstract = "We report a two- to threefold enhancement of CO tolerance in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, exhibited by carbon supported nanocrystalline PtMo/C as compared to the current state of the art PtRu/C electrocatalysts. The bulk of these nanocrystals were comprised of Pt alloyed with Mo in the ratio 8.7: 1.3 as shown by both X-ray diffraction and in situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements. Rotating disk electrode measurements and cyclic voltammetry in a PEM fuel cell indicate the onset of CO oxidation at potentials as low as 0.1 V. Further, the oxidation of CO exhibits two distinct peaks, indicating redox behavior involving oxyhydroxides of Mo. This is supported by in situ X-ray absorption near edge structure measurements at the Mo K edge.",
publisher = "Electrochemical Soc Inc, Pennington",
journal = "Electrochemical and Solid State Letters",
title = "Investigation of enhanced CO tolerance in proton exchange membrane fuel cells by carbon supported PtMo alloy catalyst",
pages = "15-12",
number = "1",
volume = "2",
doi = "10.1149/1.1390718"
}

Mukerjee, S., Lee, S., Ticianelli, E., McBreen, J., Grgur, B., Marković, N., Ross, P., Giallombardo, J.,& De Castro, E.. (1999). Investigation of enhanced CO tolerance in proton exchange membrane fuel cells by carbon supported PtMo alloy catalyst. in Electrochemical and Solid State Letters
Electrochemical Soc Inc, Pennington., 2(1), 12-15.
https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1390718

Mukerjee S, Lee S, Ticianelli E, McBreen J, Grgur B, Marković N, Ross P, Giallombardo J, De Castro E. Investigation of enhanced CO tolerance in proton exchange membrane fuel cells by carbon supported PtMo alloy catalyst. in Electrochemical and Solid State Letters. 1999;2(1):12-15.
doi:10.1149/1.1390718 .

Mukerjee, S, Lee, SJ, Ticianelli, EA, McBreen, J, Grgur, Branimir, Marković, NM, Ross, PN, Giallombardo, JR, De Castro, ES, "Investigation of enhanced CO tolerance in proton exchange membrane fuel cells by carbon supported PtMo alloy catalyst" in Electrochemical and Solid State Letters, 2, no. 1 (1999):12-15,
https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1390718 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Marković, NM
AU  - Grgur, Branimir
AU  - Lucas, CA
AU  - Ross, PN
PY  - 1999
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/247
AB  - Electrocatalysis of CO oxidation and the interfacial structure of the CO adlayer (COad) on the Pt(111) surface in 0.5 M H2SO4 were examined by using the rotating disk electrode method in combination with in situ surface X-ray diffraction measurements. The results presented here elucidate the roles played by two different forms of COad: one which is oxidized at lower overpotentials, in the so-called preoxidation region, we characterize as a weakly adsorbed state (COad.w), and a strongly adsorbed state (COad,s) which is oxidized at higher overpotentials. The COad,w state forms at saturation coverage by adsorption at E  lt  0.15 V and assumes a compressed p(2 x 2) structure containing 3 CO molecules in the unit cell (0.75 CO/Pt). We propose that oxidative removal of COad,w is accompanied by simultaneous relaxation of the CO adlayer, and that the remaining COad (approximate to 0.6 CO/Pt) assumes a new bonding state which we identify as COad,s. The COad,s state is present in a structure lacking long-range order. Despite the reduced coverage by COad, H-2 electrooxidation is still completely poisoned at potentials below 0.6 V. The electrooxidation of CO in solution is proposed to occur via the COad,w state at 0.6-0.8 V, and via the COad,s at higher potentials.
PB  - Amer Chemical Soc, Washington
T2  - Journal of Physical Chemistry B
T1  - Electrooxidation of CO and H-2/CO mixtures on Pt(111) in acid solutions
EP  - 495
IS  - 3
SP  - 487
VL  - 103
DO  - 10.1021/jp983177c
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Marković, NM and Grgur, Branimir and Lucas, CA and Ross, PN",
year = "1999",
abstract = "Electrocatalysis of CO oxidation and the interfacial structure of the CO adlayer (COad) on the Pt(111) surface in 0.5 M H2SO4 were examined by using the rotating disk electrode method in combination with in situ surface X-ray diffraction measurements. The results presented here elucidate the roles played by two different forms of COad: one which is oxidized at lower overpotentials, in the so-called preoxidation region, we characterize as a weakly adsorbed state (COad.w), and a strongly adsorbed state (COad,s) which is oxidized at higher overpotentials. The COad,w state forms at saturation coverage by adsorption at E  lt  0.15 V and assumes a compressed p(2 x 2) structure containing 3 CO molecules in the unit cell (0.75 CO/Pt). We propose that oxidative removal of COad,w is accompanied by simultaneous relaxation of the CO adlayer, and that the remaining COad (approximate to 0.6 CO/Pt) assumes a new bonding state which we identify as COad,s. The COad,s state is present in a structure lacking long-range order. Despite the reduced coverage by COad, H-2 electrooxidation is still completely poisoned at potentials below 0.6 V. The electrooxidation of CO in solution is proposed to occur via the COad,w state at 0.6-0.8 V, and via the COad,s at higher potentials.",
publisher = "Amer Chemical Soc, Washington",
journal = "Journal of Physical Chemistry B",
title = "Electrooxidation of CO and H-2/CO mixtures on Pt(111) in acid solutions",
pages = "495-487",
number = "3",
volume = "103",
doi = "10.1021/jp983177c"
}

Marković, N., Grgur, B., Lucas, C.,& Ross, P.. (1999). Electrooxidation of CO and H-2/CO mixtures on Pt(111) in acid solutions. in Journal of Physical Chemistry B
Amer Chemical Soc, Washington., 103(3), 487-495.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp983177c

Marković N, Grgur B, Lucas C, Ross P. Electrooxidation of CO and H-2/CO mixtures on Pt(111) in acid solutions. in Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 1999;103(3):487-495.
doi:10.1021/jp983177c .

Marković, NM, Grgur, Branimir, Lucas, CA, Ross, PN, "Electrooxidation of CO and H-2/CO mixtures on Pt(111) in acid solutions" in Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 103, no. 3 (1999):487-495,
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp983177c . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Marković, NM
AU  - Gasteiger, HA
AU  - Grgur, Branimir
AU  - Ross, PN
PY  - 1999
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/251
AB  - Using the rotating ring-disk technique (RRDE) the oxygen reduction reaction (orr) was studied on the Pt(111) surface in the presence of Br- anions. We found that the orr at the Pt(111) \ Br-ad interface is always accompanied quantitatively by H2O2 oxidation currents on the ring electrode, implying that in the presence of Br- anions the orr does not proceed entirely through the 4e(-) reduction pathway, as in the Br--free solution. We propose that strongly adsorbed Br- can simultaneously suppress both the adsorption of the O-2 molecule and the formation of pairs of platinum sites needed for the breaking of the O-O bond. Besides elucidating the effects of Br-ad, these studies also shed some light on the role of OHad on the kinetics of the orr on the Pt(111) surface in solution free of Br anions. We have developed a theoretical model and from simulations of I-E curves we propose two modes of action of the OHad state on the kinetics of the orr on the Pt(111) surface: (i) OHad can block the adsorption of O-2 on active platinum sites, i.e. they compete for the same sites, and (ii) OHad can alter the adsorption energy of intermediates which are formed during the orr on the bare Pt sites adjacent to the OHad.
PB  - Elsevier Science Sa, Lausanne
T2  - Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
T1  - Oxygen reduction reaction on Pt(111): effects of bromide
EP  - 163
IS  - 1-2
SP  - 157
VL  - 467
DO  - 10.1016/S0022-0728(99)00020-0
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Marković, NM and Gasteiger, HA and Grgur, Branimir and Ross, PN",
year = "1999",
abstract = "Using the rotating ring-disk technique (RRDE) the oxygen reduction reaction (orr) was studied on the Pt(111) surface in the presence of Br- anions. We found that the orr at the Pt(111) \ Br-ad interface is always accompanied quantitatively by H2O2 oxidation currents on the ring electrode, implying that in the presence of Br- anions the orr does not proceed entirely through the 4e(-) reduction pathway, as in the Br--free solution. We propose that strongly adsorbed Br- can simultaneously suppress both the adsorption of the O-2 molecule and the formation of pairs of platinum sites needed for the breaking of the O-O bond. Besides elucidating the effects of Br-ad, these studies also shed some light on the role of OHad on the kinetics of the orr on the Pt(111) surface in solution free of Br anions. We have developed a theoretical model and from simulations of I-E curves we propose two modes of action of the OHad state on the kinetics of the orr on the Pt(111) surface: (i) OHad can block the adsorption of O-2 on active platinum sites, i.e. they compete for the same sites, and (ii) OHad can alter the adsorption energy of intermediates which are formed during the orr on the bare Pt sites adjacent to the OHad.",
publisher = "Elsevier Science Sa, Lausanne",
journal = "Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry",
title = "Oxygen reduction reaction on Pt(111): effects of bromide",
pages = "163-157",
number = "1-2",
volume = "467",
doi = "10.1016/S0022-0728(99)00020-0"
}

Marković, N., Gasteiger, H., Grgur, B.,& Ross, P.. (1999). Oxygen reduction reaction on Pt(111): effects of bromide. in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
Elsevier Science Sa, Lausanne., 467(1-2), 157-163.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(99)00020-0

Marković N, Gasteiger H, Grgur B, Ross P. Oxygen reduction reaction on Pt(111): effects of bromide. in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 1999;467(1-2):157-163.
doi:10.1016/S0022-0728(99)00020-0 .

Marković, NM, Gasteiger, HA, Grgur, Branimir, Ross, PN, "Oxygen reduction reaction on Pt(111): effects of bromide" in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 467, no. 1-2 (1999):157-163,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(99)00020-0 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Marković, NM
AU  - Schmidt, TJ
AU  - Grgur, Branimir
AU  - Gasteiger, HA
AU  - Behm, RJ
AU  - Ross, PN
PY  - 1999
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/266
AB  - The variation of the adsorption pseudocapacitance with temperature is used to obtain the enthalpy, entropy, and free energies of adsorption of H-upd and OHad on Pt(lll) as a function of pH and nature of the anion of the supporting electrolyte. It is shown that the heat (enthalpy) of adsorption of hydrogen on Pt(lll) at the electrochemical interface is essentially independent of either the pH of the electrolyte or the nature of the supporting anion. The heat of adsorption has a linear decrease with Theta(Hupd,) from similar to 42 kJ/mol at Theta(Hupd) = 0 ML to similar to 24 kJ/mol at Theta(Hupd) = 0.66 ML. The heat of adsorption of OHad is more sensitive to the nature of the anion in the supporting electrolyte. This is presumably due to coadsorption of the anion and OHad in electrolytes other than the simple alkali bases. From the isosteric heat of adsorption of OHad in alkaline solution (ca. similar to 200 kJ/mol) and the enthalpy of formation of OH. we estimated the Pt(111)-OHad bond energy of 136 kJ/mol. This value is much. smaller than the Pt-O-ad bond energy at a gas-solid interface (similar to 350 kJ/mol). In basic solution the electrooxidation of CO proceeds at low overpotentials ( lt 0.2 V) between the adsorbed states of COad and OHad, the latter forming at low overpotentials selectively at defect sites. In acid solution, however; these sites are not active because they are blocked by specific adsorption of anions of the supporting electrolyte.
PB  - Amer Chemical Soc, Washington
T2  - Journal of Physical Chemistry B
T1  - Effect of temperature on surface processes at the Pt(111)-liquid interface: Hydrogen adsorption, oxide formation, and CO oxidation
EP  - 8577
IS  - 40
SP  - 8568
VL  - 103
DO  - 10.1021/jp991826u
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Marković, NM and Schmidt, TJ and Grgur, Branimir and Gasteiger, HA and Behm, RJ and Ross, PN",
year = "1999",
abstract = "The variation of the adsorption pseudocapacitance with temperature is used to obtain the enthalpy, entropy, and free energies of adsorption of H-upd and OHad on Pt(lll) as a function of pH and nature of the anion of the supporting electrolyte. It is shown that the heat (enthalpy) of adsorption of hydrogen on Pt(lll) at the electrochemical interface is essentially independent of either the pH of the electrolyte or the nature of the supporting anion. The heat of adsorption has a linear decrease with Theta(Hupd,) from similar to 42 kJ/mol at Theta(Hupd) = 0 ML to similar to 24 kJ/mol at Theta(Hupd) = 0.66 ML. The heat of adsorption of OHad is more sensitive to the nature of the anion in the supporting electrolyte. This is presumably due to coadsorption of the anion and OHad in electrolytes other than the simple alkali bases. From the isosteric heat of adsorption of OHad in alkaline solution (ca. similar to 200 kJ/mol) and the enthalpy of formation of OH. we estimated the Pt(111)-OHad bond energy of 136 kJ/mol. This value is much. smaller than the Pt-O-ad bond energy at a gas-solid interface (similar to 350 kJ/mol). In basic solution the electrooxidation of CO proceeds at low overpotentials ( lt 0.2 V) between the adsorbed states of COad and OHad, the latter forming at low overpotentials selectively at defect sites. In acid solution, however; these sites are not active because they are blocked by specific adsorption of anions of the supporting electrolyte.",
publisher = "Amer Chemical Soc, Washington",
journal = "Journal of Physical Chemistry B",
title = "Effect of temperature on surface processes at the Pt(111)-liquid interface: Hydrogen adsorption, oxide formation, and CO oxidation",
pages = "8577-8568",
number = "40",
volume = "103",
doi = "10.1021/jp991826u"
}

Marković, N., Schmidt, T., Grgur, B., Gasteiger, H., Behm, R.,& Ross, P.. (1999). Effect of temperature on surface processes at the Pt(111)-liquid interface: Hydrogen adsorption, oxide formation, and CO oxidation. in Journal of Physical Chemistry B
Amer Chemical Soc, Washington., 103(40), 8568-8577.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp991826u

Marković N, Schmidt T, Grgur B, Gasteiger H, Behm R, Ross P. Effect of temperature on surface processes at the Pt(111)-liquid interface: Hydrogen adsorption, oxide formation, and CO oxidation. in Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 1999;103(40):8568-8577.
doi:10.1021/jp991826u .

Marković, NM, Schmidt, TJ, Grgur, Branimir, Gasteiger, HA, Behm, RJ, Ross, PN, "Effect of temperature on surface processes at the Pt(111)-liquid interface: Hydrogen adsorption, oxide formation, and CO oxidation" in Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 103, no. 40 (1999):8568-8577,
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp991826u . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Grgur, Branimir
AU  - Marković, NM
AU  - Ross, PN
PY  - 1999
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/242
AB  - Electro-oxidation kinetics of H-2 and H-2/CO mixture were studied on bimetallic Pt-Mo catalysts supported on a high-surface-area carbon black. The Pt:Mo atomic ratios in the catalysts were 3:1 and 4:1. Characterization of these catalysts by X-ray diffraction indicated the existence of a face-centered cubic metallic phase with an average particle size of ca. 4 nm. Because the lattice constants for the Pt-Mo solid solutions are so close to those of pure Pt, the composition of the nanocrystalline phase, could not be determined. The kinetic results with the supported catalysts were compared quantitatively with results from bulk alloy electrodes having well-characterized surface compositions varying from 15 to 33 atom % Mo. The kinetic properties of the supported catalysts were comparable to those of bulk alloys having somewhat higher Mo concentrations than the atomic ratios in the catalysts. This suggests that either the surface segregation phenomena in the alloy nanocrystals are different from those in the bulk or that the alloying by Pt is incomplete, and the alloy nanocrystals are rich in Mo relative to the atomic ratios in the catalysts. We prefer the latter interpretation. These Pt-Mo alloy catalysts are predicted to have significantly better "CO tolerance" in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells than Pt-Ru alloy catalyts, consistent with previous predictions based on studies of bulk alloy electrodes.
PB  - Electrochemical Soc Inc, Pennington
T2  - Journal of the Electrochemical Society
T1  - The electro-oxidation of H-2 and H-2/CO mixtures on carbon-supported PtxMoy alloy catalysts
EP  - 1619
IS  - 5
SP  - 1613
VL  - 146
DO  - 10.1149/1.1391815
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Grgur, Branimir and Marković, NM and Ross, PN",
year = "1999",
abstract = "Electro-oxidation kinetics of H-2 and H-2/CO mixture were studied on bimetallic Pt-Mo catalysts supported on a high-surface-area carbon black. The Pt:Mo atomic ratios in the catalysts were 3:1 and 4:1. Characterization of these catalysts by X-ray diffraction indicated the existence of a face-centered cubic metallic phase with an average particle size of ca. 4 nm. Because the lattice constants for the Pt-Mo solid solutions are so close to those of pure Pt, the composition of the nanocrystalline phase, could not be determined. The kinetic results with the supported catalysts were compared quantitatively with results from bulk alloy electrodes having well-characterized surface compositions varying from 15 to 33 atom % Mo. The kinetic properties of the supported catalysts were comparable to those of bulk alloys having somewhat higher Mo concentrations than the atomic ratios in the catalysts. This suggests that either the surface segregation phenomena in the alloy nanocrystals are different from those in the bulk or that the alloying by Pt is incomplete, and the alloy nanocrystals are rich in Mo relative to the atomic ratios in the catalysts. We prefer the latter interpretation. These Pt-Mo alloy catalysts are predicted to have significantly better "CO tolerance" in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells than Pt-Ru alloy catalyts, consistent with previous predictions based on studies of bulk alloy electrodes.",
publisher = "Electrochemical Soc Inc, Pennington",
journal = "Journal of the Electrochemical Society",
title = "The electro-oxidation of H-2 and H-2/CO mixtures on carbon-supported PtxMoy alloy catalysts",
pages = "1619-1613",
number = "5",
volume = "146",
doi = "10.1149/1.1391815"
}

Grgur, B., Marković, N.,& Ross, P.. (1999). The electro-oxidation of H-2 and H-2/CO mixtures on carbon-supported PtxMoy alloy catalysts. in Journal of the Electrochemical Society
Electrochemical Soc Inc, Pennington., 146(5), 1613-1619.
https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1391815

Grgur B, Marković N, Ross P. The electro-oxidation of H-2 and H-2/CO mixtures on carbon-supported PtxMoy alloy catalysts. in Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 1999;146(5):1613-1619.
doi:10.1149/1.1391815 .

Grgur, Branimir, Marković, NM, Ross, PN, "The electro-oxidation of H-2 and H-2/CO mixtures on carbon-supported PtxMoy alloy catalysts" in Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 146, no. 5 (1999):1613-1619,
https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1391815 . .