Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and Monte Carlo simulation of margin of safety for octocrylene, EHMC, 2ES, and homosalate in sunscreens

Abstract

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) using a floating organic drop has been optimized and used for the sample preparation of four commonly used ultraviolet filter (UVF) substances in sunscreens. Plackett–Burman experimental design was used to screen 10 variables in DLLME. The most significant variables were then optimized by using a response surface method with a Box–Behnken design. DLLME followed by an optimized HPLC identified octocrylene, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl salicylate, and homosalate as the frequently found UVFs in commercial sunscreens. The systemic exposure dosage and margin of safety (MoS) for the identified UVFs were estimated using in-use concentrations and application patterns. The average systemic exposure dosage values for octocrylene, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl salicylate, and homosalate were 0.52, 0.61, 0.020, and 0.079 mg/kg body weight per day, respectively. Whereas the average MoS values for individual UVFs ranging from 296 to 3160 were all significantly higher than the limit value of 100, the combined exposure risks were slightly above the limit. The probabilistic health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulation revealed that the combined MoS values were (mean, 10‰, 90‰) 342, 119, and 441, respectively. Regarding the usage of sunscreen cosmetics containing the UVFs studied, these results indicate a safety concern for those who apply multiple UVF products.