Pregled regulativa usmerenih na emergentne zagađujuće materije u vodenoj sredini

Abstract

Emergentne zagađujuće materije obuhvataju širok spektar supstanci koje mogu imati potencijalno štetno dejstvo na zdravlje ljudi. Takođe, usled velike rasprostranjenosti i postojanosti u životnoj sredini, pokazano je da ove supstance, čak i pri niskim koncentracijama, dovode do niza neželjenih uticaja na živi svet, u najvećoj meri kod vodenih organizama. U životnu sredinu dospevaju iz raznih antropogenih izvora zagađenja. Emergentne zagađujuće materije nisu uključene u redovne programe monitoringa zagađujućih materija i njihovo ponašanje i sudbina u životnoj sredini, kao i ekotoksikološki efekti nisu u potpunosti poznati. Iz tog razloga, neophodno ih je uvrstiti u postojeće regulative usmerene na kvalitet životne sredine. U ovom radu urađena je detaljna analiza propisa vezanih za zagađenje vodene sredine, a koji predstavljaju osnovu za održivo upravljanje vodnim resursima. Obrađena je zakonska regulativa EU koja obuhvata Okvirnu direktivu o vodama, „watch listu” zagađujućih materija i Direktivu o registraciji, evaluaciji, autorizaciji i restrikcijama hemikalija. Takođe su analizirana uputstva Agencije za zaštitu životne sredine SAD-a za praćenje kvaliteta vode i zaštitu vodenih organizama, kao i standardi serije ISO 14000 za menadžment životnom sredinom i standardi ISO 24510, 24511 i 24512 za usluge vodosnabdevanja i tretmana otpadnih voda. Prikazan je i koncept menadžmenta emergentnim materijama u akvatičnoj sredini.

Emerging contaminants cover a wide range of substances which can be potentially harmful to human health. Also, it was determined that these substances due to widespread occurrence and persistence in the environment cause a series of adverse environmental effects, mostly to aquatic organisms, even at low concentrations. These contaminants reach the environment from various anthropogenic pollution sources. Emerging contaminants are not included in routine monitoring pollutant programs and their behavior and fate in the environment, as well as ecotoxicological effects are not entirely known. Therefore, it is required to include them in existing regulations focused on the environmental quality. In this paper, a detail analysis of regulations dealing with the aquatic environment pollution, which represent a base for sustainable water resource management, was performed. The EU legislation including Water Framework Directive, “watch list” of pollutants and REACH Directive, were reviewed. Additionally, Guidelines for water quality monitoring and protection of aquatic organisms by USA Environmental Protection Agency were analyzed, as well as ISO 14000, a series of environmental management standards and ISO 24510, 24511 and 24512 standards for activities relating to drinking water supply systems and wastewater sewage systems. Concept of emerging pollutants management in aquatic environment is also presented.