Liu, Hui

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orcid::0000-0002-1080-0883
  • Liu, Hui (10)
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Author's Bibliography

Continuous biodiesel production under subcritical condition of methanol - Design of pilot plant and packed bed reactor with MnCO3/Na-silicate catalyst

Liu, Hui; Lukić, Ivana; Miladinović, Marija R.; Veljković, Vlada B.; Zdujić, Miodrag; Zhu, Xiaosun; Zhang, Yanan; Skala, Dejan

(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford, 2018)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Liu, Hui
AU  - Lukić, Ivana
AU  - Miladinović, Marija R.
AU  - Veljković, Vlada B.
AU  - Zdujić, Miodrag
AU  - Zhu, Xiaosun
AU  - Zhang, Yanan
AU  - Skala, Dejan
PY  - 2018
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4016
AB  - The continuous biodiesel production from soybean oil was carried out under the subcritical condition of methanol with MnCO3/Na-silicate as a heterogeneous catalyst. The transesterification rate was first investigated in a set of experiments performed in a batch autoclave at 448 K using methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 18:1 and various catalyst loadings (5, 10 and 20 wt% based on the oil mass). The results from these experiments, as well as the experimental data and the appropriate kinetic model recently reported in the literature were used for designing a packed bed tubular reactor (PBTR), a main unit of the pilot plant with the capacity of 100 L of biodiesel per day. The pilot plant was constructed and tested under various operating conditions. The first 11 h of the pilot-plant operation was realized in the tubular reactor packed with inert glass beads (i.e. without the catalyst) in order to analyze the effect of the non-catalyzed subcritical biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) production. Then, glass beads were replaced with a mix of MnCO3/Na-silicate catalyst particles and glass beads, and the catalytic biodiesel production was continuously run under the subcritical methanol condition for 85 h. Two mass balance tests during the continuous pilot plant operation were performed.
PB  - Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford
T2  - Energy Conversion and Management
T1  - Continuous biodiesel production under subcritical condition of methanol - Design of pilot plant and packed bed reactor with MnCO3/Na-silicate catalyst
EP  - 504
SP  - 494
VL  - 168
DO  - 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.05.028
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Liu, Hui and Lukić, Ivana and Miladinović, Marija R. and Veljković, Vlada B. and Zdujić, Miodrag and Zhu, Xiaosun and Zhang, Yanan and Skala, Dejan",
year = "2018",
abstract = "The continuous biodiesel production from soybean oil was carried out under the subcritical condition of methanol with MnCO3/Na-silicate as a heterogeneous catalyst. The transesterification rate was first investigated in a set of experiments performed in a batch autoclave at 448 K using methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 18:1 and various catalyst loadings (5, 10 and 20 wt% based on the oil mass). The results from these experiments, as well as the experimental data and the appropriate kinetic model recently reported in the literature were used for designing a packed bed tubular reactor (PBTR), a main unit of the pilot plant with the capacity of 100 L of biodiesel per day. The pilot plant was constructed and tested under various operating conditions. The first 11 h of the pilot-plant operation was realized in the tubular reactor packed with inert glass beads (i.e. without the catalyst) in order to analyze the effect of the non-catalyzed subcritical biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) production. Then, glass beads were replaced with a mix of MnCO3/Na-silicate catalyst particles and glass beads, and the catalytic biodiesel production was continuously run under the subcritical methanol condition for 85 h. Two mass balance tests during the continuous pilot plant operation were performed.",
publisher = "Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford",
journal = "Energy Conversion and Management",
title = "Continuous biodiesel production under subcritical condition of methanol - Design of pilot plant and packed bed reactor with MnCO3/Na-silicate catalyst",
pages = "504-494",
volume = "168",
doi = "10.1016/j.enconman.2018.05.028"
}
Liu, H., Lukić, I., Miladinović, M. R., Veljković, V. B., Zdujić, M., Zhu, X., Zhang, Y.,& Skala, D.. (2018). Continuous biodiesel production under subcritical condition of methanol - Design of pilot plant and packed bed reactor with MnCO3/Na-silicate catalyst. in Energy Conversion and Management
Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford., 168, 494-504.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.05.028
Liu H, Lukić I, Miladinović MR, Veljković VB, Zdujić M, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Skala D. Continuous biodiesel production under subcritical condition of methanol - Design of pilot plant and packed bed reactor with MnCO3/Na-silicate catalyst. in Energy Conversion and Management. 2018;168:494-504.
doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2018.05.028 .
Liu, Hui, Lukić, Ivana, Miladinović, Marija R., Veljković, Vlada B., Zdujić, Miodrag, Zhu, Xiaosun, Zhang, Yanan, Skala, Dejan, "Continuous biodiesel production under subcritical condition of methanol - Design of pilot plant and packed bed reactor with MnCO3/Na-silicate catalyst" in Energy Conversion and Management, 168 (2018):494-504,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.05.028 . .
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Biodiesel synthesis and kinetic analysis based on MnCO3/Na silicate as heterogeneous catalyst

Zhang, Yanan; Liu, Hui; Zhu, Xiaochan; Lukić, Ivana; Zdujić, Miodrag; Shen, Xiang; Skala, Dejan

(Srpsko hemijsko društvo, Beograd, 2018)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Zhang, Yanan
AU  - Liu, Hui
AU  - Zhu, Xiaochan
AU  - Lukić, Ivana
AU  - Zdujić, Miodrag
AU  - Shen, Xiang
AU  - Skala, Dejan
PY  - 2018
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4023
AB  - The MnCO3/Na silicate (Mn/Na/Si mole ratio of 4.65:1:1.65) catalyst in the form of solid particles with diameter of 0.99-1.99 mm was used as a catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil in batch autoclave at different conditions: 388-468 K, methanol-to-oil mole ratio 12:1-30:1, catalyst amount based on the mass of oil 0-12.5 %. The complete triacylglycerols (TAG) conversion and high yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was obtained after 1 h at 458 K, methanol-to-oil mole ratio 30:1 and 10 % of catalyst. Kinetics of transesterification process was analyzed by three models: the simple first order irreversible reaction rate, as well as two more complex models recently reported in literature. The catalyst reuse in transesterification process was tested and the average values of 99.0 % of TAG conversion and 97.5 % of FAME yield were obtained after 8 consecutive runs. Different techniques were used to characterize fresh and used MnCO3/Na silicate catalyst. The determined amounts of leached Na ( lt 500 ppm) and Mn ( lt 20 ppm) in biodiesel phase implied that the homogeneous-heterogeneous process influences the catalyst selectivity, whereby leached Na enables the complete transformation of TAG to FAME.
PB  - Srpsko hemijsko društvo, Beograd
T2  - Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society
T1  - Biodiesel synthesis and kinetic analysis based on MnCO3/Na silicate as heterogeneous catalyst
EP  - 365
IS  - 3
SP  - 345
VL  - 83
DO  - 10.2298/JSC170612005Z
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Zhang, Yanan and Liu, Hui and Zhu, Xiaochan and Lukić, Ivana and Zdujić, Miodrag and Shen, Xiang and Skala, Dejan",
year = "2018",
abstract = "The MnCO3/Na silicate (Mn/Na/Si mole ratio of 4.65:1:1.65) catalyst in the form of solid particles with diameter of 0.99-1.99 mm was used as a catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil in batch autoclave at different conditions: 388-468 K, methanol-to-oil mole ratio 12:1-30:1, catalyst amount based on the mass of oil 0-12.5 %. The complete triacylglycerols (TAG) conversion and high yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was obtained after 1 h at 458 K, methanol-to-oil mole ratio 30:1 and 10 % of catalyst. Kinetics of transesterification process was analyzed by three models: the simple first order irreversible reaction rate, as well as two more complex models recently reported in literature. The catalyst reuse in transesterification process was tested and the average values of 99.0 % of TAG conversion and 97.5 % of FAME yield were obtained after 8 consecutive runs. Different techniques were used to characterize fresh and used MnCO3/Na silicate catalyst. The determined amounts of leached Na ( lt 500 ppm) and Mn ( lt 20 ppm) in biodiesel phase implied that the homogeneous-heterogeneous process influences the catalyst selectivity, whereby leached Na enables the complete transformation of TAG to FAME.",
publisher = "Srpsko hemijsko društvo, Beograd",
journal = "Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society",
title = "Biodiesel synthesis and kinetic analysis based on MnCO3/Na silicate as heterogeneous catalyst",
pages = "365-345",
number = "3",
volume = "83",
doi = "10.2298/JSC170612005Z"
}
Zhang, Y., Liu, H., Zhu, X., Lukić, I., Zdujić, M., Shen, X.,& Skala, D.. (2018). Biodiesel synthesis and kinetic analysis based on MnCO3/Na silicate as heterogeneous catalyst. in Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society
Srpsko hemijsko društvo, Beograd., 83(3), 345-365.
https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC170612005Z
Zhang Y, Liu H, Zhu X, Lukić I, Zdujić M, Shen X, Skala D. Biodiesel synthesis and kinetic analysis based on MnCO3/Na silicate as heterogeneous catalyst. in Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society. 2018;83(3):345-365.
doi:10.2298/JSC170612005Z .
Zhang, Yanan, Liu, Hui, Zhu, Xiaochan, Lukić, Ivana, Zdujić, Miodrag, Shen, Xiang, Skala, Dejan, "Biodiesel synthesis and kinetic analysis based on MnCO3/Na silicate as heterogeneous catalyst" in Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 83, no. 3 (2018):345-365,
https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC170612005Z . .
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High temperature transesterification of soybean oil with methanol using manganese carbonate as catalyst

Wan, Liang; Liu, Hui; Nasreen, Sadia; Lukić, Ivana; Skala, Dejan

(Savez hemijskih inženjera, Beograd, 2018)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Wan, Liang
AU  - Liu, Hui
AU  - Nasreen, Sadia
AU  - Lukić, Ivana
AU  - Skala, Dejan
PY  - 2018
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4036
AB  - The manganese carbonate catalyst, prepared by precipitation method, was used in transesterification of soybean oil under subcritical condition of methanol. Catalyst samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier trans-form infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The triacylglycerol (TAG) conversion and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The transesterification was realized for 1 h using various working conditions: 0-3 wt.% of catalyst (based on the mass of oil), the mole ratio of methanol to oil from 13:1 to 27:1 and temperature ranging from 393 to 473 K. A maximum TAG conversion of 98.1% could be obtained at the optimal reaction conditions: 2 wt.% of catalyst, methanol/oil mole ratio of 21:1, for 1 h in a batch reactor at 453 K. Kinetic analysis showed that the model based on mass transfer and chemical reaction at the catalyst surface confirmed the experimental data. Using that kinetic expression, the effect of continuous transesterification was proposed and verified by a 360-h long realized experiment in a laboratory packed-bed reactor (PBR). Slow deactivation of the catalyst was caused by leaching of Mn in both biodiesel and glycerol phases and by blocking the active sites of the catalyst with organic compounds.
PB  - Savez hemijskih inženjera, Beograd
T2  - Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly
T1  - High temperature transesterification of soybean oil with methanol using manganese carbonate as catalyst
EP  - 22
IS  - 1
SP  - 9
VL  - 24
DO  - 10.2298/CICEQ170221013W
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Wan, Liang and Liu, Hui and Nasreen, Sadia and Lukić, Ivana and Skala, Dejan",
year = "2018",
abstract = "The manganese carbonate catalyst, prepared by precipitation method, was used in transesterification of soybean oil under subcritical condition of methanol. Catalyst samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier trans-form infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The triacylglycerol (TAG) conversion and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The transesterification was realized for 1 h using various working conditions: 0-3 wt.% of catalyst (based on the mass of oil), the mole ratio of methanol to oil from 13:1 to 27:1 and temperature ranging from 393 to 473 K. A maximum TAG conversion of 98.1% could be obtained at the optimal reaction conditions: 2 wt.% of catalyst, methanol/oil mole ratio of 21:1, for 1 h in a batch reactor at 453 K. Kinetic analysis showed that the model based on mass transfer and chemical reaction at the catalyst surface confirmed the experimental data. Using that kinetic expression, the effect of continuous transesterification was proposed and verified by a 360-h long realized experiment in a laboratory packed-bed reactor (PBR). Slow deactivation of the catalyst was caused by leaching of Mn in both biodiesel and glycerol phases and by blocking the active sites of the catalyst with organic compounds.",
publisher = "Savez hemijskih inženjera, Beograd",
journal = "Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly",
title = "High temperature transesterification of soybean oil with methanol using manganese carbonate as catalyst",
pages = "22-9",
number = "1",
volume = "24",
doi = "10.2298/CICEQ170221013W"
}
Wan, L., Liu, H., Nasreen, S., Lukić, I.,& Skala, D.. (2018). High temperature transesterification of soybean oil with methanol using manganese carbonate as catalyst. in Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly
Savez hemijskih inženjera, Beograd., 24(1), 9-22.
https://doi.org/10.2298/CICEQ170221013W
Wan L, Liu H, Nasreen S, Lukić I, Skala D. High temperature transesterification of soybean oil with methanol using manganese carbonate as catalyst. in Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly. 2018;24(1):9-22.
doi:10.2298/CICEQ170221013W .
Wan, Liang, Liu, Hui, Nasreen, Sadia, Lukić, Ivana, Skala, Dejan, "High temperature transesterification of soybean oil with methanol using manganese carbonate as catalyst" in Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly, 24, no. 1 (2018):9-22,
https://doi.org/10.2298/CICEQ170221013W . .
6
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Heterogeneous kinetics of vegetable oil transesterification at high temperature

Nasreen, Sadia; Liu, Hui; Lukić, Ivana; Qurashi, Liaqat Ali; Skala, Dejan

(Savez hemijskih inženjera, Beograd, 2016)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Nasreen, Sadia
AU  - Liu, Hui
AU  - Lukić, Ivana
AU  - Qurashi, Liaqat Ali
AU  - Skala, Dejan
PY  - 2016
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3382
AB  - Currently, the catalytic efficiency and reusability of the solid base catalysts cannot meet the demand of industrial biodiesel production under low temperature. The purpose of this study is to define the kinetics of heterogeneous transesterification process that could be used for the prediction of the biodiesel synthesis at high temperature and pressure. The focus in this study was paid to recently repotted data obtained with different catalysts used for biodiesel synthesis in a batch reactor at high temperatures. It was shown that three kinetic models, including: a) irreversible first order reaction, b) reaction with changeable order and c) resistances of mass transfer and chemical reaction at active sites of the catalyst, could be applied for predicting the effect of high temperature of the transesterification. The apparent reaction rate constant of the irreversible first order reaction was determined, as well as the parameters of the other two, more complicated kinetic. models. The best agreement was obtained with the more complicated models and the mean relative percent deviation between calculated and experimentally determined triacylglycerols conversion for these kinetic models is between 3 and 10%.
PB  - Savez hemijskih inženjera, Beograd
T2  - Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly
T1  - Heterogeneous kinetics of vegetable oil transesterification at high temperature
EP  - 429
IS  - 4
SP  - 419
VL  - 22
DO  - 10.2298/CICEQ160107011N
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Nasreen, Sadia and Liu, Hui and Lukić, Ivana and Qurashi, Liaqat Ali and Skala, Dejan",
year = "2016",
abstract = "Currently, the catalytic efficiency and reusability of the solid base catalysts cannot meet the demand of industrial biodiesel production under low temperature. The purpose of this study is to define the kinetics of heterogeneous transesterification process that could be used for the prediction of the biodiesel synthesis at high temperature and pressure. The focus in this study was paid to recently repotted data obtained with different catalysts used for biodiesel synthesis in a batch reactor at high temperatures. It was shown that three kinetic models, including: a) irreversible first order reaction, b) reaction with changeable order and c) resistances of mass transfer and chemical reaction at active sites of the catalyst, could be applied for predicting the effect of high temperature of the transesterification. The apparent reaction rate constant of the irreversible first order reaction was determined, as well as the parameters of the other two, more complicated kinetic. models. The best agreement was obtained with the more complicated models and the mean relative percent deviation between calculated and experimentally determined triacylglycerols conversion for these kinetic models is between 3 and 10%.",
publisher = "Savez hemijskih inženjera, Beograd",
journal = "Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly",
title = "Heterogeneous kinetics of vegetable oil transesterification at high temperature",
pages = "429-419",
number = "4",
volume = "22",
doi = "10.2298/CICEQ160107011N"
}
Nasreen, S., Liu, H., Lukić, I., Qurashi, L. A.,& Skala, D.. (2016). Heterogeneous kinetics of vegetable oil transesterification at high temperature. in Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly
Savez hemijskih inženjera, Beograd., 22(4), 419-429.
https://doi.org/10.2298/CICEQ160107011N
Nasreen S, Liu H, Lukić I, Qurashi LA, Skala D. Heterogeneous kinetics of vegetable oil transesterification at high temperature. in Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly. 2016;22(4):419-429.
doi:10.2298/CICEQ160107011N .
Nasreen, Sadia, Liu, Hui, Lukić, Ivana, Qurashi, Liaqat Ali, Skala, Dejan, "Heterogeneous kinetics of vegetable oil transesterification at high temperature" in Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly, 22, no. 4 (2016):419-429,
https://doi.org/10.2298/CICEQ160107011N . .
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Cerium-manganese oxide as catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil with subcritical methanol

Nasreen, Sadia; Liu, Hui; Qureshi, Liaqat Ali; Sissou, Zakari; Lukić, Ivana; Skala, Dejan

(Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam, 2016)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Nasreen, Sadia
AU  - Liu, Hui
AU  - Qureshi, Liaqat Ali
AU  - Sissou, Zakari
AU  - Lukić, Ivana
AU  - Skala, Dejan
PY  - 2016
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3433
AB  - A heterogeneous cerium-manganese oxide catalyst was synthesized by a co-precipitation method, characterized and tested in soybean oil transesterification with methanol under subcritical condition for methanol. Conversion of triglycerides after 40 min of transesterification in a batch process was over 99% with a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 91.6% when 3 wt.% of catalyst based on oil, and 18:1 methanol/oil molar ratio were applied. The same amount of catalyst was used in 12 cycles of transesterification with catalyst regeneration performed only after the 7th cycle. The catalyst exhibited good tolerance toward soybean oil containing below 1.5 wt.% of water or 4 wt.% of free fatty acids. The mechanisms of Ce/Mn catalytic activity and its deactivation were discussed according to the characterization of the fresh and used catalyst according to results of different analytical methods: the Hammett titration, BET surface area, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), ICP-MS and TG-DSC. It was assumed that deactivation of catalyst was mainly a consequence of manganese solubility in methanol and glycerol.
PB  - Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam
T2  - Fuel Processing Technology
T1  - Cerium-manganese oxide as catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil with subcritical methanol
EP  - 84
SP  - 76
VL  - 148
DO  - 10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.02.035
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Nasreen, Sadia and Liu, Hui and Qureshi, Liaqat Ali and Sissou, Zakari and Lukić, Ivana and Skala, Dejan",
year = "2016",
abstract = "A heterogeneous cerium-manganese oxide catalyst was synthesized by a co-precipitation method, characterized and tested in soybean oil transesterification with methanol under subcritical condition for methanol. Conversion of triglycerides after 40 min of transesterification in a batch process was over 99% with a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 91.6% when 3 wt.% of catalyst based on oil, and 18:1 methanol/oil molar ratio were applied. The same amount of catalyst was used in 12 cycles of transesterification with catalyst regeneration performed only after the 7th cycle. The catalyst exhibited good tolerance toward soybean oil containing below 1.5 wt.% of water or 4 wt.% of free fatty acids. The mechanisms of Ce/Mn catalytic activity and its deactivation were discussed according to the characterization of the fresh and used catalyst according to results of different analytical methods: the Hammett titration, BET surface area, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), ICP-MS and TG-DSC. It was assumed that deactivation of catalyst was mainly a consequence of manganese solubility in methanol and glycerol.",
publisher = "Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam",
journal = "Fuel Processing Technology",
title = "Cerium-manganese oxide as catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil with subcritical methanol",
pages = "84-76",
volume = "148",
doi = "10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.02.035"
}
Nasreen, S., Liu, H., Qureshi, L. A., Sissou, Z., Lukić, I.,& Skala, D.. (2016). Cerium-manganese oxide as catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil with subcritical methanol. in Fuel Processing Technology
Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam., 148, 76-84.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.02.035
Nasreen S, Liu H, Qureshi LA, Sissou Z, Lukić I, Skala D. Cerium-manganese oxide as catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil with subcritical methanol. in Fuel Processing Technology. 2016;148:76-84.
doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.02.035 .
Nasreen, Sadia, Liu, Hui, Qureshi, Liaqat Ali, Sissou, Zakari, Lukić, Ivana, Skala, Dejan, "Cerium-manganese oxide as catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil with subcritical methanol" in Fuel Processing Technology, 148 (2016):76-84,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.02.035 . .
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Mechanochemical synthesis of CaO·ZnO.K2CO3 catalyst: Characterization and activity for methanolysis of sunflower oil

Kesić, Željka; Lukić, Ivana; Zdujić, Miodrag; Jovalekić, Čedomir; Liu, Hui; Skala, Dejan

(Association of the Chemical Engineers of Serbia, 2015)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Kesić, Željka
AU  - Lukić, Ivana
AU  - Zdujić, Miodrag
AU  - Jovalekić, Čedomir
AU  - Liu, Hui
AU  - Skala, Dejan
PY  - 2015
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2921
AB  - The goal of this study was to prepare a CaO·ZnO catalyst containing a small amount of K2CO3 and analyze its activity for biodiesel synthesis. The catalyst was prepared using the following procedure: CaO and ZnO (mole ratio of 1:2), water and K2CO3 (in various amounts) were mechanochemically treated and after milling heated at 700°C in air atmosphere for obtaining mixed CaO·ZnO/xK2CO3 oxides (x = 0, 1, 2 and 4 mol of K2CO3 per 10 mol of CaO). All the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy/ energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), particle size laser diffraction (PSLD) distribution, solubility measurement of Ca, Zn and K ions in methanol as well as by determination of their alkalinity (Hammett indicator method). Prepared CaO·ZnO/xK2CO3 composite powders were tested as catalysts for methanolysis of sunflower oil at 70 °C using mole ratio of sunflower oil to methanol of 1:10 and with 2 mass% of catalyst based on oil weight. The presence of K2CO3 in prepared samples was found to increase the activity of catalyst, and that such effect is caused by homogeneous-heterogeneous catalysis of biodiesel synthesis.
AB  - Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je da se pripremi CaO·ZnO katalizator koji sadrži malu količinu K2CO3 i analizira njegova aktivnost u sintezi biodizela. Katalizator je pripremljen prema sledećoj proceduri: CaO i ZnO (molski odnos 1:2), voda i K2CO3 (u različitoj količini) su tretirani mehanohemijski i nakon mlevenja zagrevani na 700 °C u atmosferi vazduha da bi se dobila smeša oksida CaO·ZnO/xK2CO3 (x = 0, 1, 2 i 4 mol K2CO3 na 10 mol CaO). Karakterizacija pripremljenih katalizatora izvršena je metodama rendgenske difrakcije (XRD), indukovane kuplovane plazme (ICP), spektroskopije fotoelektrona dobijenih X-zracima (XPS), termogravimetrijske analize (TGA), infracrvene spektroskopije (FTIR), skenirajuće elektronske mikroskopije i energetske disperzione spektroskopije (SEM/EDS), raspodele veličine čestica (PSLD), merenjem rastvorljivosti katalizatora odnosno Ca, Zn i K jona u metanolu, kao i određivanjem njihove baznosti (metodom Hametovih indikatora). Pripremljeni CaO·ZnO/xK2CO3 kompozitni prahovi testirani su kao katalizatori u reakciji metanolize suncokretovog ulja na 70 °C, pri molarnom odnosu suncokretovog ulja i metanola od 1:10 i sa 2 mas.% katalizatora u odnosu na masu ulja. Pokazano je da prisustvo K2CO3 u pripremljenim uzorcima povećava aktivnost katalizatora i da je takav efekat posledica homogeno-heterogene katalize u sintezi biodizela.
PB  - Association of the Chemical Engineers of Serbia
T2  - Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly
T1  - Mechanochemical synthesis of CaO·ZnO.K2CO3 catalyst: Characterization and activity for methanolysis of sunflower oil
T1  - Mehanohemijska sinteza CaO·ZnO.K2CO3, katalizatora - karakterizacija i aktivnost u metanolizi suncokretovog ulja
EP  - 12
IS  - 1-1
SP  - 1
VL  - 21
DO  - 10.2298/CICEQ131026041K
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Kesić, Željka and Lukić, Ivana and Zdujić, Miodrag and Jovalekić, Čedomir and Liu, Hui and Skala, Dejan",
year = "2015",
abstract = "The goal of this study was to prepare a CaO·ZnO catalyst containing a small amount of K2CO3 and analyze its activity for biodiesel synthesis. The catalyst was prepared using the following procedure: CaO and ZnO (mole ratio of 1:2), water and K2CO3 (in various amounts) were mechanochemically treated and after milling heated at 700°C in air atmosphere for obtaining mixed CaO·ZnO/xK2CO3 oxides (x = 0, 1, 2 and 4 mol of K2CO3 per 10 mol of CaO). All the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy/ energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), particle size laser diffraction (PSLD) distribution, solubility measurement of Ca, Zn and K ions in methanol as well as by determination of their alkalinity (Hammett indicator method). Prepared CaO·ZnO/xK2CO3 composite powders were tested as catalysts for methanolysis of sunflower oil at 70 °C using mole ratio of sunflower oil to methanol of 1:10 and with 2 mass% of catalyst based on oil weight. The presence of K2CO3 in prepared samples was found to increase the activity of catalyst, and that such effect is caused by homogeneous-heterogeneous catalysis of biodiesel synthesis., Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je da se pripremi CaO·ZnO katalizator koji sadrži malu količinu K2CO3 i analizira njegova aktivnost u sintezi biodizela. Katalizator je pripremljen prema sledećoj proceduri: CaO i ZnO (molski odnos 1:2), voda i K2CO3 (u različitoj količini) su tretirani mehanohemijski i nakon mlevenja zagrevani na 700 °C u atmosferi vazduha da bi se dobila smeša oksida CaO·ZnO/xK2CO3 (x = 0, 1, 2 i 4 mol K2CO3 na 10 mol CaO). Karakterizacija pripremljenih katalizatora izvršena je metodama rendgenske difrakcije (XRD), indukovane kuplovane plazme (ICP), spektroskopije fotoelektrona dobijenih X-zracima (XPS), termogravimetrijske analize (TGA), infracrvene spektroskopije (FTIR), skenirajuće elektronske mikroskopije i energetske disperzione spektroskopije (SEM/EDS), raspodele veličine čestica (PSLD), merenjem rastvorljivosti katalizatora odnosno Ca, Zn i K jona u metanolu, kao i određivanjem njihove baznosti (metodom Hametovih indikatora). Pripremljeni CaO·ZnO/xK2CO3 kompozitni prahovi testirani su kao katalizatori u reakciji metanolize suncokretovog ulja na 70 °C, pri molarnom odnosu suncokretovog ulja i metanola od 1:10 i sa 2 mas.% katalizatora u odnosu na masu ulja. Pokazano je da prisustvo K2CO3 u pripremljenim uzorcima povećava aktivnost katalizatora i da je takav efekat posledica homogeno-heterogene katalize u sintezi biodizela.",
publisher = "Association of the Chemical Engineers of Serbia",
journal = "Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly",
title = "Mechanochemical synthesis of CaO·ZnO.K2CO3 catalyst: Characterization and activity for methanolysis of sunflower oil, Mehanohemijska sinteza CaO·ZnO.K2CO3, katalizatora - karakterizacija i aktivnost u metanolizi suncokretovog ulja",
pages = "12-1",
number = "1-1",
volume = "21",
doi = "10.2298/CICEQ131026041K"
}
Kesić, Ž., Lukić, I., Zdujić, M., Jovalekić, Č., Liu, H.,& Skala, D.. (2015). Mechanochemical synthesis of CaO·ZnO.K2CO3 catalyst: Characterization and activity for methanolysis of sunflower oil. in Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly
Association of the Chemical Engineers of Serbia., 21(1-1), 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.2298/CICEQ131026041K
Kesić Ž, Lukić I, Zdujić M, Jovalekić Č, Liu H, Skala D. Mechanochemical synthesis of CaO·ZnO.K2CO3 catalyst: Characterization and activity for methanolysis of sunflower oil. in Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly. 2015;21(1-1):1-12.
doi:10.2298/CICEQ131026041K .
Kesić, Željka, Lukić, Ivana, Zdujić, Miodrag, Jovalekić, Čedomir, Liu, Hui, Skala, Dejan, "Mechanochemical synthesis of CaO·ZnO.K2CO3 catalyst: Characterization and activity for methanolysis of sunflower oil" in Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly, 21, no. 1-1 (2015):1-12,
https://doi.org/10.2298/CICEQ131026041K . .
6
6
8

Kinetics of sunflower and used vegetable oil methanolysis catalyzed by CaO·ZnO

Lukić, Ivana; Kesić, Željka; Maksimović, Svetolik; Zdujić, Miodrag; Liu, Hui; Krstić, Jugoslav; Skala, Dejan

(Elsevier Sci Ltd, Oxford, 2013)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Lukić, Ivana
AU  - Kesić, Željka
AU  - Maksimović, Svetolik
AU  - Zdujić, Miodrag
AU  - Liu, Hui
AU  - Krstić, Jugoslav
AU  - Skala, Dejan
PY  - 2013
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2423
AB  - The kinetics of heterogeneous methanolysis of sunflower oil and used vegetable oil were studied at different temperatures, ranging from 60 to 96 degrees C using CaO center dot ZnO as catalyst (2 wt% on the basis of oil) and methanol to oil molar ratio of 10:1. Heterogeneous CaO center dot ZnO catalyst was synthesized by mechanochemical treatment of CaO and ZnO powder mixture with the addition of water necessary for the formation of corresponding mixed hydroxides, and their calcination at 700 degrees C in air. It was shown that kinetics of overall process could be described as pseudo-first order reaction. For the sunflower oil methanolysis at 60 and 70 degrees C, the rate of process at the beginning of biodiesel synthesis was limited by triglycerides mass transfer to the catalyst surface, and after that it is governed by the rate of chemical reaction at catalyst surface. At higher temperatures the influence of mass transfer resistance is almost negligible implying that the rate of chemical reaction determines the overall kinetic of biodiesel synthesis. In the case of used vegetable oil, the influence of mass transfer resistance was not observed either at higher or lower temperature. The kinetic model that describes the whole process well was proposed, and it comprises both the triglycerides mass transfer and chemical reaction controlled regime. The overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient was defined, assuming that it depends on the conversion of triglycerides.
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd, Oxford
T2  - Fuel
T1  - Kinetics of sunflower and used vegetable oil methanolysis catalyzed by CaO·ZnO
EP  - 378
SP  - 367
VL  - 113
DO  - 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.05.093
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Lukić, Ivana and Kesić, Željka and Maksimović, Svetolik and Zdujić, Miodrag and Liu, Hui and Krstić, Jugoslav and Skala, Dejan",
year = "2013",
abstract = "The kinetics of heterogeneous methanolysis of sunflower oil and used vegetable oil were studied at different temperatures, ranging from 60 to 96 degrees C using CaO center dot ZnO as catalyst (2 wt% on the basis of oil) and methanol to oil molar ratio of 10:1. Heterogeneous CaO center dot ZnO catalyst was synthesized by mechanochemical treatment of CaO and ZnO powder mixture with the addition of water necessary for the formation of corresponding mixed hydroxides, and their calcination at 700 degrees C in air. It was shown that kinetics of overall process could be described as pseudo-first order reaction. For the sunflower oil methanolysis at 60 and 70 degrees C, the rate of process at the beginning of biodiesel synthesis was limited by triglycerides mass transfer to the catalyst surface, and after that it is governed by the rate of chemical reaction at catalyst surface. At higher temperatures the influence of mass transfer resistance is almost negligible implying that the rate of chemical reaction determines the overall kinetic of biodiesel synthesis. In the case of used vegetable oil, the influence of mass transfer resistance was not observed either at higher or lower temperature. The kinetic model that describes the whole process well was proposed, and it comprises both the triglycerides mass transfer and chemical reaction controlled regime. The overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient was defined, assuming that it depends on the conversion of triglycerides.",
publisher = "Elsevier Sci Ltd, Oxford",
journal = "Fuel",
title = "Kinetics of sunflower and used vegetable oil methanolysis catalyzed by CaO·ZnO",
pages = "378-367",
volume = "113",
doi = "10.1016/j.fuel.2013.05.093"
}
Lukić, I., Kesić, Ž., Maksimović, S., Zdujić, M., Liu, H., Krstić, J.,& Skala, D.. (2013). Kinetics of sunflower and used vegetable oil methanolysis catalyzed by CaO·ZnO. in Fuel
Elsevier Sci Ltd, Oxford., 113, 367-378.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.05.093
Lukić I, Kesić Ž, Maksimović S, Zdujić M, Liu H, Krstić J, Skala D. Kinetics of sunflower and used vegetable oil methanolysis catalyzed by CaO·ZnO. in Fuel. 2013;113:367-378.
doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2013.05.093 .
Lukić, Ivana, Kesić, Željka, Maksimović, Svetolik, Zdujić, Miodrag, Liu, Hui, Krstić, Jugoslav, Skala, Dejan, "Kinetics of sunflower and used vegetable oil methanolysis catalyzed by CaO·ZnO" in Fuel, 113 (2013):367-378,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.05.093 . .
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Mechanochemical preparation and characterization of CaO·ZnO used as catalyst for biodiesel synthesis

Kesić, Željka; Lukić, Ivana; Brkić, Dragana; Rogan, Jelena; Zdujić, Miodrag; Liu, Hui; Skala, Dejan

(Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2012)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Kesić, Željka
AU  - Lukić, Ivana
AU  - Brkić, Dragana
AU  - Rogan, Jelena
AU  - Zdujić, Miodrag
AU  - Liu, Hui
AU  - Skala, Dejan
PY  - 2012
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2129
AB  - In this study, the synthesis of biodiesel or fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from sunflower oil and methanol using CaO center dot ZnO catalyst was investigated. Catalyst was synthesized by ball milling of Ca(OH)(2) and ZnO powder mixture with the addition of water (BMH), as well as solely by ball milling of mentioned powders (BM) and subsequent calcination at 700 degrees C in air atmosphere. For comparison, the CaO center dot ZnO mixed oxide was also prepared using usual coprecipitation procedure (CP) followed by calcination at 700 degrees C of the formed calcium zinc hydroxide hydrate. The BMH, BM and CP catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size distribution measurement and scanning electron microscopy (SEM and SEM-EDS). In addition, specific surface area (BET), solubility in methanol at 60 degrees C and alkalinity (Hammett indicator method) were also determined. The activity of BMH, BM and CP catalysts for biodiesel synthesis were tested at 60 degrees C and 1 bar, using molar ratio of sunflower oil to methanol of 1:10 and with 2 wt% of catalyst based on oil weight.
PB  - Elsevier, Amsterdam
T2  - Applied Catalysis A-General
T1  - Mechanochemical preparation and characterization of CaO·ZnO used as catalyst for biodiesel synthesis
EP  - 65
SP  - 58
VL  - 427-428
DO  - 10.1016/j.apcata.2012.03.032
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Kesić, Željka and Lukić, Ivana and Brkić, Dragana and Rogan, Jelena and Zdujić, Miodrag and Liu, Hui and Skala, Dejan",
year = "2012",
abstract = "In this study, the synthesis of biodiesel or fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from sunflower oil and methanol using CaO center dot ZnO catalyst was investigated. Catalyst was synthesized by ball milling of Ca(OH)(2) and ZnO powder mixture with the addition of water (BMH), as well as solely by ball milling of mentioned powders (BM) and subsequent calcination at 700 degrees C in air atmosphere. For comparison, the CaO center dot ZnO mixed oxide was also prepared using usual coprecipitation procedure (CP) followed by calcination at 700 degrees C of the formed calcium zinc hydroxide hydrate. The BMH, BM and CP catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size distribution measurement and scanning electron microscopy (SEM and SEM-EDS). In addition, specific surface area (BET), solubility in methanol at 60 degrees C and alkalinity (Hammett indicator method) were also determined. The activity of BMH, BM and CP catalysts for biodiesel synthesis were tested at 60 degrees C and 1 bar, using molar ratio of sunflower oil to methanol of 1:10 and with 2 wt% of catalyst based on oil weight.",
publisher = "Elsevier, Amsterdam",
journal = "Applied Catalysis A-General",
title = "Mechanochemical preparation and characterization of CaO·ZnO used as catalyst for biodiesel synthesis",
pages = "65-58",
volume = "427-428",
doi = "10.1016/j.apcata.2012.03.032"
}
Kesić, Ž., Lukić, I., Brkić, D., Rogan, J., Zdujić, M., Liu, H.,& Skala, D.. (2012). Mechanochemical preparation and characterization of CaO·ZnO used as catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. in Applied Catalysis A-General
Elsevier, Amsterdam., 427-428, 58-65.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2012.03.032
Kesić Ž, Lukić I, Brkić D, Rogan J, Zdujić M, Liu H, Skala D. Mechanochemical preparation and characterization of CaO·ZnO used as catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. in Applied Catalysis A-General. 2012;427-428:58-65.
doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2012.03.032 .
Kesić, Željka, Lukić, Ivana, Brkić, Dragana, Rogan, Jelena, Zdujić, Miodrag, Liu, Hui, Skala, Dejan, "Mechanochemical preparation and characterization of CaO·ZnO used as catalyst for biodiesel synthesis" in Applied Catalysis A-General, 427-428 (2012):58-65,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2012.03.032 . .
9
81
60
92

Mechanochemically synthesized CaO·ZnO catalyst for biodiesel production

Kesić, Željka; Lukić, Ivana; Zdujić, Miodrag; Liu, Hui; Skala, Dejan

(20th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering, CHISA 2012 and 15th Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction, PRES 2012, 2012)

TY  - CONF
AU  - Kesić, Željka
AU  - Lukić, Ivana
AU  - Zdujić, Miodrag
AU  - Liu, Hui
AU  - Skala, Dejan
PY  - 2012
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2004
AB  - The transesterification of triglycerides (vegetable oil) with methanol using CaO·ZnO mixed oxides catalyst were conducted to produce Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), i.e. biodiesel. The catalysts were used in the methanolysis of sunflower oil, at 60°C and 1 bar, using molar ratio of sunflower oil to methanol of 1:10 and with 2 wt % of catalyst based on oil weight. All catalysts displayed good activity in the methanolysis of sunflower oil, with the yield of FAME  gt  90% after 4 hr of reaction. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the CHISA 2012 - 20th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering and PRES 2012 - 15th Conference PRES (Prague, Czech Republic 8/25-29/2012).
PB  - 20th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering, CHISA 2012 and 15th Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction, PRES 2012
C3  - CHISA 2012 - 20th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering and PRES 2012 - 15th Co
T1  - Mechanochemically synthesized CaO·ZnO catalyst for biodiesel production
DO  - 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.509
ER  - 
@conference{
author = "Kesić, Željka and Lukić, Ivana and Zdujić, Miodrag and Liu, Hui and Skala, Dejan",
year = "2012",
abstract = "The transesterification of triglycerides (vegetable oil) with methanol using CaO·ZnO mixed oxides catalyst were conducted to produce Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), i.e. biodiesel. The catalysts were used in the methanolysis of sunflower oil, at 60°C and 1 bar, using molar ratio of sunflower oil to methanol of 1:10 and with 2 wt % of catalyst based on oil weight. All catalysts displayed good activity in the methanolysis of sunflower oil, with the yield of FAME  gt  90% after 4 hr of reaction. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the CHISA 2012 - 20th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering and PRES 2012 - 15th Conference PRES (Prague, Czech Republic 8/25-29/2012).",
publisher = "20th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering, CHISA 2012 and 15th Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction, PRES 2012",
journal = "CHISA 2012 - 20th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering and PRES 2012 - 15th Co",
title = "Mechanochemically synthesized CaO·ZnO catalyst for biodiesel production",
doi = "10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.509"
}
Kesić, Ž., Lukić, I., Zdujić, M., Liu, H.,& Skala, D.. (2012). Mechanochemically synthesized CaO·ZnO catalyst for biodiesel production. in CHISA 2012 - 20th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering and PRES 2012 - 15th Co
20th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering, CHISA 2012 and 15th Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction, PRES 2012..
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.509
Kesić Ž, Lukić I, Zdujić M, Liu H, Skala D. Mechanochemically synthesized CaO·ZnO catalyst for biodiesel production. in CHISA 2012 - 20th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering and PRES 2012 - 15th Co. 2012;.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.509 .
Kesić, Željka, Lukić, Ivana, Zdujić, Miodrag, Liu, Hui, Skala, Dejan, "Mechanochemically synthesized CaO·ZnO catalyst for biodiesel production" in CHISA 2012 - 20th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering and PRES 2012 - 15th Co (2012),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.509 . .
26
17

Mechanochemically synthesized CaO center dot ZnO catalyst for biodiesel production

Kesić, Željka; Lukić, Ivana; Zdujić, Miodrag; Liu, Hui; Skala, Dejan

(Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam, 2012)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Kesić, Željka
AU  - Lukić, Ivana
AU  - Zdujić, Miodrag
AU  - Liu, Hui
AU  - Skala, Dejan
PY  - 2012
UR  - http://TechnoRep.tmf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2247
AB  - The transesterification of triglycerides (vegetable oil) with methanol using CaO center dot ZnO mixed oxides catalyst were conducted to produce FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, i.e. biodiesel). Catalyst was synthesized by ball milling of CaO and ZnO powder mixture (using molar ratio of CaO and ZnO of 1:2 and 1:4) with the addition of water, as well as solely by ball milling (molar ratio of 1:2) of mentioned powders and subsequent. After ball milling prepared mixtures were calcinatied at 700 degrees C in air atmosphere. The samples of formed catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The particle size distribution as well as the base strength using Hammett indicator was determined, too. CaO. ZnO catalysts were used in the methanolysis of sunflower oil, at 60 degrees C and 1 bar, using molar ratio of sunflower oil to methanol of 1:10 and with 2 wt% of catalyst based on oil weight. All catalysts exhibited good activity in the methanolysis of sunflower oil, with the yield of FAME above 90 % after 4 hours of reaction.
PB  - Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam
T2  - CHISA 2012
T1  - Mechanochemically synthesized CaO center dot ZnO catalyst for biodiesel production
EP  - 1178
SP  - 1169
VL  - 42
DO  - 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.509
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Kesić, Željka and Lukić, Ivana and Zdujić, Miodrag and Liu, Hui and Skala, Dejan",
year = "2012",
abstract = "The transesterification of triglycerides (vegetable oil) with methanol using CaO center dot ZnO mixed oxides catalyst were conducted to produce FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, i.e. biodiesel). Catalyst was synthesized by ball milling of CaO and ZnO powder mixture (using molar ratio of CaO and ZnO of 1:2 and 1:4) with the addition of water, as well as solely by ball milling (molar ratio of 1:2) of mentioned powders and subsequent. After ball milling prepared mixtures were calcinatied at 700 degrees C in air atmosphere. The samples of formed catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The particle size distribution as well as the base strength using Hammett indicator was determined, too. CaO. ZnO catalysts were used in the methanolysis of sunflower oil, at 60 degrees C and 1 bar, using molar ratio of sunflower oil to methanol of 1:10 and with 2 wt% of catalyst based on oil weight. All catalysts exhibited good activity in the methanolysis of sunflower oil, with the yield of FAME above 90 % after 4 hours of reaction.",
publisher = "Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam",
journal = "CHISA 2012",
title = "Mechanochemically synthesized CaO center dot ZnO catalyst for biodiesel production",
pages = "1178-1169",
volume = "42",
doi = "10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.509"
}
Kesić, Ž., Lukić, I., Zdujić, M., Liu, H.,& Skala, D.. (2012). Mechanochemically synthesized CaO center dot ZnO catalyst for biodiesel production. in CHISA 2012
Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam., 42, 1169-1178.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.509
Kesić Ž, Lukić I, Zdujić M, Liu H, Skala D. Mechanochemically synthesized CaO center dot ZnO catalyst for biodiesel production. in CHISA 2012. 2012;42:1169-1178.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.509 .
Kesić, Željka, Lukić, Ivana, Zdujić, Miodrag, Liu, Hui, Skala, Dejan, "Mechanochemically synthesized CaO center dot ZnO catalyst for biodiesel production" in CHISA 2012, 42 (2012):1169-1178,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.509 . .
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